The Aims Of Education In The Islamic World Religion Essay

The Aims Of development In The Moslem gentleman Religion EssayIn any partnership, discipline is a major vehicle for the transmission of ideas, attitudes, and beliefs. This seasonncy that control over disciplineal content and access to classrooms cornerst angiotensin converting enzyme become valuable commodities in a conflict. Education, and especi all in ally the teaching of history, can perpetuate negative judgments about the other, engendering hostility and aggression among the young, and firing up the fever to go to war. But facts of lifeal content and teaching approaches can also provide strong means to change these attitudes, to promote tolerance and a go forthingness to settle conflicts without resort to violence.In order to increment the capacity of the fosteringal sector to promote conflict prevention, pacificationmaking and post-conflict reconciliation it has to enhance the ability of teachers and scholars to incorporate peace education and conflict managemen t into plan and classes many institutes, both Muslim and others, mostly under the protection of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, commonly known as UNESCO1, all work together with the important objective to contribute to peace and security by promoting collaboration among the nations through education, science and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, for the rule of law and for the kind-hearted rights and fundamental freedoms. Under its occurrent Education for All campaign, it conducts research and runs programs in countries in Africa, the Middle East, and South and Southeast Asia. The United Nations Children depot (UNICEF) advocates and works for the protection of childrens rights to help the young meet their basic needs and to expand their opportunities to reach their intact potential. Among other programs, they meet developed peace education programs in a number of countries, including Afghanistan and Indonesia. The mission of the tie-up of Arab Universities is to enhance cooperation among universities in the Arab world. It is associated with central governments through their respective ministries of education. (www.aaru.edu.jo).Islam has, from its inception, placed a high premium on education and has enjoyed a long and rich intellectual tradition. Knowledge (ilm) occupies a significant position indoors Islam, as evidenced by the more than 800 references to it in Islams most revered book, the Koran. The importance of education is repeatedly emphasized in the Koran with frequent injunctions, such as idol will exalt those of you who bank and those who surrender knowledge to high degrees, O my Lord Increase me in knowledge and As God has taught him, so let him write. Such verses provide a forceful stimulus for the Moslem community to puree for education and teaching.Muslim education is uncommonly different from other types of educational theory and practice mostly because of the all- encompassing influence of the Koran. The Koran serves as a comprehensive blueprint for both the individual and society and as the primary source of knowledge. The advent of the Koran in the seventh century was quite basal for the predominantly illiterate Arabian society. Arab society had enjoyed a rich oral tradition, but the Koran was considered the reciprocation of God and needed to be organically interacted with by means of reading and reciting its words. Hence, reading and writing for the character of accessing the full blessings of the Koran was an aspiration for most Muslims. Thus, education in Islam unequivocally derived its origins from a symbiotic family with sacred instruction.HISTORY OF ISLAMIC EDUCATIONThis was the way, Islamic education began. Pious and learned Muslims (mu allim or mudarris), give to making the teachings of the Koran more accessible to the Islamic community, taught the faithful in what came to be known as the kuttb (plural, kattb). The kuttb could be located in a variety of venues mosques, esoteric homes, shops, tents, or even out in the open. Historians are uncertain as to when the kattb were first established, but with the widespread desire of the faithful to study the Koran, kattb could be found in virtually every part of the Islamic empire by the middle of the 8th century. The kuttb served a vital social function as the only vehicle for formal exoteric instruction for primary-age children and continued so until horse opera models of education were introduced in the modern period. Even at present, it has exhibited unique durability and continues to be an important means of religious instruction in many Islamic countries.The program of the kuttb was primarily directed to young male children, branch as too soon as age four, and was centered on Koranic studies and on religious bargains such as ritual ablutions, fasting, and prayer. The focus during the early history of Islam on the education of younker reflected th e belief that raising children with correct principles was a holy obligation for parents and society. As Abdul Tibawi wrote in 1972, the mind of the child was believed to be like a white clean paper, once anything is written on it, right or wrong, it will be difficult to erase it or superimpose new writing upon it. The approach to teaching children was strict, and the conditions in which young students learned could be quite harsh. bodied punishment was often used to correct laziness or imprecision. Memorization of the Koran was central to the curriculum of the kuttb, but little or no attempt was made to analyze and discuss the meaning of the text. erst students had memorized the greater part of the Koran, they could advance to higher stages of education, with increased complexity of instruction. Western analysts of the kuttb arrangement usually criticize two areas of its pedagogy the limited range of subjects taught and the exclusive reliance on memorization. The contemporary kuttb system still emphasizes memorization and recitation as important means of learning. The value placed on memorization during students early religious training directly influences their approaches to learning when they enter formal education offered by the modern state. A common frustration of modern educators in the Islamic world is that eyepatch their students can memorize copious volumes of nones and textbook pages, they often lack competence in critical analysis and self-sufficient thinking.During the golden age of the Islamic empire (usually defined as a period between the tenth part and thirteenth centuries), when western Europe was intellectually backward and stagnant, Islamic scholarship flourished with an impressive openness to the wise sciences, art, and even literature. It was during this period that the Islamic world made most of its contributions to the scientific and artistic world. Ironically, Islamic scholars keep much of the knowledge of the Greeks that ha d been prohibited by the Christian world. Other outstanding contributions were made in areas of chemistry, botany, physics, mineralogy, mathematics, and astronomy, as many Muslim thinkers regarded scientific truths as tools for accessing religious truth.Gradually the open and vigorous spirit of interrogation and individual judgment (ijtihad) that characterized the golden age gave way to a more insular, unquestioning acceptance (taqlid) of the traditionalistic corpus of authoritative knowledge. By the thirteenth century, according to Aziz Talbani, the ulama (religious scholars) had become self-appointed interpreters and guardians of religious knowledge. learning was confined to the transmission of traditions and dogma, and was hostile to research and scientific inquiry. The mentality of taqlid reigned supreme in all matters, and religious scholars condemned all other forms of inquiry and research. Exemplifying the taqlid mentality, Burhn al-Din al-Zarnji wrote during the thirteenth century, Stick to ancient things while avoiding new things and Beware of becoming engrossed in those disputes which come about after one has get laid loose from the ancient authorities. Much of what was written after the thirteenth century lacked originality, and it consisted mostly of commentaries on actual canonical works without adding any substantive new ideas. The lethal combination of taqlid and foreign invasion beginning in the thirteenth century served to dim Islams preeminence in both the artistic and scientific worlds. scorn its glorious legacy of earlier periods, the Islamic world seemed unable to respond either culturally or educationally to the onslaught of Western advancement by the eighteenth century. One of the most damaging aspects of European colonialism was the deterioration of indigenous cultural norms through secularism. With its veneration of gentlemans gentlemanity reason over elysian manifestation and its insistence on separation of religion and state, secularism considered by many as anathema to Islam, in which all aspects of life, religious or temporal, are interrelated as a harmonious whole. At the same time, Western institutions of education, with their pronounced secular/religious dichotomy, were infused into Islamic countries in order to produce functionaries to feed the bureaucratic and administrative needs of the state. The early modernizers did not fully realize the extent to which secularized education fundamentally conflicted with Islamic mentation and traditional lifestyle. Religious education was to remain a separate and personal responsibility, having no place in public education. If Muslim students desired religious training, they could supplement their existing education with moral instruction in traditional religious schools-the kuttab. As a consequence, the two differing education systems evolved independently with little or no official interface.AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION3.1. Problems in Islamic SchoolsBefore proceeding further, and in order to have a bring out understanding of the Aims Islamic Education it is better to first examine the problems facing the contemporary Islamic schools in the Western World. Generally these areNo Adaab or Islamic etiquette or conductParents want teachers to be lenientSome girls and boys meet secretly in the basement.They have girl-friends and boy-friends.They do smoke. malediction is written on the walls, desks, blackboards, etc.Behave roughly laughing, talking, screaming, rip off their Hijab on the buses.Discipline conduct is no different from the general Schools.Teachers are not fair. Spoiled kids as their parents are rich or important.Less school activities for girls. Little opportunity to interact with other students.Islamic schools are running without an Islamic curriculum, often without a syllabus.No textbooks.No qualified and trained teachers or certified teachers. (Quality in education is not possible without good teachers.)Those who attend Muslim high schools do not fare better in college.Non-Muslim teachers who are qualified and certified. (Live-in boyfriend rejects institution of marriage. Wear tight and revealing outfit. Promote amusing agenda, anti-religion agenda, or insensitive to Islamic values and events)Qualified and certified Muslim teachers work in Public schools. As Islamic schools do not offer viable salaries, benefits (pension health benefits, etc.)When they resign Islamic schools and have from colleges, some of them, they do marry non-Muslims as the Muslim community and their parents have exerted zero influence on them.Chronic shortage of space, science labs, auditoriums, gyms, playgrounds, libraries, bathrooms.High turnover rate (30 to 40 percent annually) of teachers.Parents fear Islamic schools trade off academics for Islamic environment.Organization, planning and discipline -suffer most in Islamic schools.Governance is the regretful reason why most Islamic schools sufferDo not develop an autonomous and unique decision-making (governance) structureSchool Boards require training in how to run a schoolSchool Boards seldom include womenParents do not play a part in Governance structureNo qualified administratorsSome parents worry Islamic schools offer an inferior flavor of education.Children are not ready to face competitiveness and the challenges of the modern world.Seriously lacking in Muslim literature and culture.For many Muslim families, Islamic schools are not affordable.In sparse Muslim population areas, Islamic schools are not financially viable.Very few trained Muslim teachers in special education or noneThe Arabic language has triple terms for education, representing the various dimensions of the educational process as perceived by Islam. The most widely used word for education in a formal sense is talim, from the answer alima (to know, to be aware, to perceive, to learn), which is used to denote knowledge being sought or imparted through instruction a nd teaching. Tarbiyah, from the etymon raba (to increase, to grow, to rear), implies a state of spiritual and ethical nurturing in accordance with the will of God. Tadib, from the root aduba (to be cultured, refined, well-mannered), suggests a persons development of sound social behavior. What is meant by sound requires a deeper understanding of the Islamic conception of the human being.Education in the context of Islam is regarded as a process that involves the complete person, including the rational, spiritual, and social dimensions. As celebrated by Syed Muhammad al-Naquib al-Attas in 1979, the comprehensive and integrated approach to education in Islam is directed toward the balanced evolution of the total recordthrough training Mans spirit, intellect, rational self, feelings and bodily sensessuch that faith is infused into the whole of his personality. In Islamic educational theory knowledge is gained in order to actualize and perfect all dimensions of the human being. From an Islamic perspective the highest and most useful model of perfection is the prophet Muhammad, and the goal of Islamic education is that people be able to live as he lived. Seyyed Hossein Nasr wrote in 1984 that while education does have humankind for happiness in this life, its ultimate goal is the abode of permanence and all education points to the long-lasting world of eternity. To ascertain truth by reason alone is restrictive, according to Islam, because spiritual and temporal naive realism are two sides of the same sphere. Many Muslim educationists argue that favoring reason at the expense of church berth interferes with balanced growth. Exclusive training of the intellect, for example, is inadequate in developing and refining elements of love, kindness, compassion, and selflessness, which have an altogether spiritual ambiance and can be engaged only by processes of spiritual training. Therefore Education in Islam is twofold acquiring intellectual knowledge (through the finishing of reason and logic) and developing spiritual knowledge (derived from divine revelation and spiritual experience). According to the worldview of Islam, provision in education must be made evenly for both. Acquiring knowledge in Islam is not intended as an end but as a means to stimulate a more elevated moral and spiritual consciousness, leading to faith and clean-handed action.EDUCATION OF MUSLIM CHILDREN CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIESEducation is the birth right of every Muslim and Muslimah. Islam puts considerable emphasis on its followers to acquire knowledge. Investment in education is the best investment one can make, because it at long last leads to intellectual property. Intellectual property is the intangible property, which no one can steal or destroy. This is the property on which no Government can levy a tax. It was as a result of application of knowledge that Muslims were the superpower of the world for twelve centuries.Today, globally Muslims have the lowes t literacy rate. Education of Muslim children in the west has both opportunities and challenges.In the Western World the purpose of education is to provide for the economic successfulness of a nation. At a personal level the purpose of education is to acquire academic and master copy skills that enable one to earn a respectable living with riches and fame, and also a marvellous and comfortable life. For a Muslim providing economic prosperity of a nation does not contradict his/her Islamic beliefs, however focusing the goals of education solely for the purpose of money making is unpalatable. Muslims want to impart Islamic education.The vast majority of Muslims think that Islamic education means acquiring Islamic religious knowledge-study of Quran, Arabic, Hadith, Sunnah, Seerah, Fiqh, Islamic history, and allied subjects. As a matter of fact, in the present world broadly speaking we have two types of Muslims a) those who have followed the Western type of education, or secular educa tion, and b) those who have acquired Deeni or Islamic education.In the twentieth century, due to colonialism and Western influence, Muslim parents concentrated on imparting only Secular education to their children. The weak or not so bright students were sent to Deeni (religious) Madrasas (schools) in their own countries or to one of the Middle Eastern countries. The Muslims who immigrated to Western countries became aware of their religious identity and wanted to impart both Islamic and Secular education, what is now known as Integrated Education. When they lacked the numbers and resources, they sent their children to public schools during the week and to the Islamic schools in the Mosque or Islamic Centre during the weekends.As their numbers grew and acquired sufficient resources, they have opened regular Islamic Schools from kindergarten to 12th grade (senior or final year) in High School.2It takes about two to three years of full-time study to become a Hafeez. During this time the student takes an equivalent to sabbatical leave from his or her public or parochial school.The greatest objective of education is to prepare the young times for leadership. Islamic education is of course has the highest objective, and more than that can hardly be imagined. The aim of Islamic education is Character building. Growth and development of an Islamic personality should be the final goal of any Islamic School. Islamic values are the foundation of the Islamic personality. For Muslims the educational aim is to develop the personalities of children to the end that they will be conscious of their responsibility to God (the Creator) and to fellow humans. The aims and objectives of Islamic education have been defined in the Recommendation of the Committee of the First World Conference on Muslim Education asEducation should aim at the balanced growth of the total personality of man through training of the human spirit, intellect, rational self, feelings and senses. The traini ng imparted to a Muslim must be such that faith is infused into the whole of his/her personality and creates in him/her an emotional attachment to Islam and enables him to follow the Quran and Sunnah and be governed by Islamic system of values willingly and joyfully so that he/she may proceed to the realization of his/her status as Khalifatullah to whom God has promised the authority of the universe.There is a need to prepare the younger generation having leadership quality and not to be the followers of alien ideologies but to play the role of torchbearer by their excellence in knowledge, character, and positive action. Some scholars believe that this quality can be developed in Muslim youth by a direct study of the Quran with a view to solve the problems of life in its light. A program of action to bring up the younger generation for leadership has not thus far been formulated.

Geological Applications of the Stable Isotopes of Nitrogen

Geological Applications of the Stable Isotopes of NitrogenBruce BottonHard rock, geological applications of the unchanging isotopes of nitrogen.Introduction.Gammon and Ebbing book of general chemistry define isotope as an atom with the corresponding tally of protons, tho differing numbers of neutrons. So isotopes ar just different forms of a single get out. Gammon, Ebbing. (2005). (8th ed., p. 467) There are two broader definitions of isotopes, light isotopes are elements that are visible light ( insure less neutrons) than the common more durable element (eg. 12O,26S and 34Cl) and Heavy isotopes are the atom contains greater number of neutrons than the most common form( eg. Fe, Cu and Zn).Focusing on light stable isotopes in humbled temperature environments such as H, C and O and with specific reference work to Nitrogen isotopes. Below are a few properties of light stable elementsThey are usually of low atomic masses.The mass difference between the heavy, uncommon isoto pes and the common light isotopes is usually genuinely large.The lighter elements form bonds with more covalent properties.These light elements form a large number of compounds that are prepare in the natural environment.Exist in more than one oxidation state.The relative abundances of isotopes are elevated enough for precise determination of isotropic ratios by mass spectrometry.Sedimentary rocks, low grade fiery and metamorphic rocks (ie. That form at temperatures of 350 degrees Celsius and less) are the fibre of rocks that we are expecting to find these stables isotopes of interest. Any temperature supra this constitutes as high temperature geochemistry.The use of isotopes in analysis of rocks is of increasing popularity, it uses the variations in isotope abundance of various elements to determine plastered properties of a rock. These properties that are available are origin and age of the rocks air or water bodies and tied(p) to see if there has been any mixing of magmas to change the composition of the rocks. Stable isotope geochemistry is mainly focussed on the isotropic variations from mass dependant isotope fr proceedionation as compared with radiogenic isotope geochemistry which uses the products of natural radioactive decay (eg. Half lives). compare 1. Enrichment factor equation.Many isotopes the amount of fractionation that an atom or body of molecules undergoes is very small (both energizing or equilibrium), so small measured in parts per thousand or less. The formula above shows us the enrichment factor that is present in a sample. This formula uses the ratio of heavy isotopes to light isotopes as compared with a standard sample. So for nitrogen we testament be using 15N/14NFor the purpose of this assignment, we are think on the use of nitrogen and its two isotopes 14N and 15N in the analysis of hard rocks. Nitrogen is a colourless, odourless tasteless and most commonly a diatomic non metal gas, it actually makes up 78% of the states at mosphere. Not only is it over three quarters of our atmosphere hardly it is a part of all living tissues and is an essential part of life as it is part of DNA and therefore outstanding in the genetic code and the evolution of life. The nitrogen cycle (figure below) is an essential part of existence on earth.Nitrogen cycle.Figure 1 . Schematic diagram of the Nitrogen cycle. Petrucci, et al (2002). (8th ed., pp. 887889). Prentice Hall.There are 9 stages of the nitrogen cycle, there is no start point the nitrogen cycle is a complex, continous and coinciding system.Nitrogen fixation this is a chemical playes by which atmospherical nitrogen is trans create into organic compoundsby microorganisms.N2 NH4+ N-orgAmmonification this process is a conversion of organic nitrogen to ammonium by bacteria.N-org NH4+Nitrification this is a process by which a nitro group is substituted for another group in organic compound.NH4+ NO2 NO3Assimilation is the conversion of nutriment into a usable form that is incorporated into human tissue and organs after digestionNH4+ N-orgDentrification is a process by which microbacteria breaks strike down a nitrate to produce N2.NO3 NO2 NO N2O N2Volatilization in this instance it is when liquid ammonium is transformed into ammonia water gas.NH4+ NH3 gasCase studiesNitrogen isotopes in peridotitic baseball diamonds from Fuxian, China the cover signature.Nitrogen is of low abundance in the earths mantle due to lack of knowledge. But fibrous diamonds are a N rich form and are associated with MORB vesicles these carry been tested and give a 15N value of -5, the reason for a negative value is due to it being a relative value to the external sources (atmosphere) This has lead hatful to believe in the heterogeneous accretion model of the earth. In Pierre Cartigny et al experimental physical process they separated diamonds into broad categories, type 1 has no nitrogen and type 2 does not contain any Nitrogen. These abnormalities ar e linked to diffusion process and might help tell us if diamonds formed in multiple steps. The nitrogen and the 15N were measured with accuracy 2.5% and 0.5% respectively.After IR analysis 25% of the diamonds interpret from Pipe 50 were determined as type 2 , and the remainder a mixture of type 1 and 2 diamonds. These mixed diamonds are separate platelets compacted together, this zonation of the aggregated states of type 1 and type 2 platelets conform that the octahedrally shaped diamonds growth was over a extended period. 25% of the samples that were analyzed were found to have a lower value of a 15N the in previous works ranging from -12 to -25 and the nitrogen concentrations vary from 0 to 1473 ppm.Below figure 2 shows us the 15N histogram which show us fibrous diamonds from all over the sphere and the octahedrally shaped diamonds from pipe 50, the result as can be seen is that they are based around the same value ( -7 and -5). These results are coincidently similar to the 13C this shows us that the fractionation of stable nitrogen isotopes during non fibrous diamond growth is unlikely. The growth of octahedral shaped diamonds should be seen as a large open system with peculiar(a) supply of volatiles and periods of time in which resorption can occur. Geochemical evidence shows fibrous and peridotitic diamonds originate from similar sources, believed to be the convecting asthenosphere with values of 15N being -5 2 and -4.5 1 respectively. If we wanted to strengthen this argument we would have to look at Diamonds that are found in the lower mantle. These diamonds would originate from a less degassed mantle, this would mean that there would be little to no nitrogen present. If the nitrogen content is controlled by rate of growth rather than the cytosine nitrogen ratio of the fluid, this means that there will be little or no correlativity between N and 15N, and even less between 13C and nitrogen which is present in this case. Geochimie, et al. (1997). T erra Nova, 9(4), clxxv179.Figure 2. histogram comparing 15N values of diamonds from pipe 50 kimberlites and previously analysed fibrous diamonds. Geochimie, et al. (1997). Terra Nova, 9(4), 175179.Concentrations and isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur in the ocean floor basalts.The concentration of stable isotope ratios in fresh basalts on the ocean floor provides us with information on abundance and isotope ratio of volatile elements in the upper mantle and crust. Samples were taken from less than 10mm from billow basalt ridges and then other samples were taken from the inner portions of the pillows where the groundmass personas from glassy to crypto-crystalline. The isotropic ratios was atmospheric nitrogen and the uncertainties was 1. The contents and the ratio of nitrogen present in the ocean floor basalts range from 0.3 2.8 ppm and from -0.4 0.8. The nitrogen that was attained was of one order of magnitude bigger than the blank nitrogen cycle. This said but the u ncertainties in the experiment were rather large 1, this is due to the small sample sizes. This said, the discrepancy of the isotope ratios should not be taken to be significant but the uniformity of the isotropic ratio and their similarity to the N2 in the air should be emphasized.Nitrogens most common form in igneous rocks is in the form of N2 and ammonia. When nitrogen vapour is in contact with magma it would most likely exist as N2, but if it is in the magma it will most likely be in the form of ammonia. The nitrogen in the magma itself will most likely escape as N2 from ascending magma and decreasing confining pressure and will act as a alkaline cation when undergoing fractional crystallization and therefore will be more evolved in a more evolved magma. As Degassing and fractional crystallization proceed NH+4 is enriched relative to N2, and NH3 would beat depleted and more enriched in 15N this means that 15N/14N in igneous rocks increases with decreasing nitrogen content. Acco rding to Sakai, H et al. The average 15N of magmatic crust, atmosphere and sedimentary rocks are 4.2, 0 and 5.2 respectively. Therefore the global distributions of nitrogen isotopes have been interpreted as the result of out gassing of magma and fractionation between N2 and NH+4. 15N found in MORB are faithful to the crustal values and therefore can be said to support the above model.ConclusionFinally in conclusion we can see the importance of nitrogen not only in the atmosphere and our very being. But we can see that there are uses for the stable isotopes in the continued attempts to try and earn the Earths history and origin.Reference listGammon, Ebbing. (2005). General Chemistry. (R. Stratton, Ed.) (8th ed., p. 467). New york Charles Hartford.Geochimie, L. De, Physique, I. De, Vii, U. D. P., Cnrs, U. R. A., Cartigny, P., Boyd, S. R., Harris, J. W., et al. (1997). Nitrogen isotopes in peridotitic diamonds from Fuxian , China the mantle signature. Terra Nova, 9(4), 175179.Petru cci, Harwood, Herring. (2002). General Chemistry. (J. Challice, Ed.) (8th ed., pp. 887889). Prentice Hall.Sakai, H., Des Marais, D. J., Ueda, a, Moore, J. G. (1984). Concentrations and isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur in ocean-floor basalts. Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, 48, 243341. Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11540821Sharp, Z(2007), Principles of stable isotopes Geochemistry. Prentice Hall,NJ.

The Change Management Theory Business Essay

The revision Management Theory Business EssayOur accredited era is experiencing massive global and environmental channels than ever before. Observing merely the technological developments, it locomotes drop off that the most powerful interpolates hold happened over the wizard-time(prenominal) fifty years. Managements practice and guess is that todays business environment is especially challenging for large companies because of the rapid pace at which technologies, business processes and markets atomic number 18 evolving. a focusing transplants, such as globalization, workforce, economic shocks, competition, and world politics be or so of the vast external environmental forces that trigger convince upon presidential terms. These forces atomic number 18 un check intolable and unforeseeable and in that locationfore it is vital that an organization has the capabilities to adapt to whatever environment departs might happen. As opposed to external depart forces, inte rnal transposes forces deceit at heart the organization. Elements such as declining efficiency, the raise of employee expectations in tact with jolty demands of the work environment are all internal forces that trigger a require for organisational limiting. more or less theories1 nominate that by planning conservatively you peck manage internal limiting easily by nameing the privation for change, while others argue that change is not something that happens in isolated insidences, frankincense not something you washstand plan2or control.The changing business environment affects the organizations ability for survival, as their survival tactics are being challenged. Organizations constantly have to reeducate themselves retention e really train or department in the organization equally re- avered. Consequently, more and more organizations direct their aid towards the potential benefits of a unified merger and achievement (MA). MAs are often pursued in pasture to ac quire a larger share of an exist market, enter crude markets, eliminate competitors, acquire expertise or assets, transfer skills, save costs, subjoin efficiencies or capitalise on synergies.Unfortunately, most organizational change efforts are scummyly conceived and implemented, a fact that causes most change efforts in organizations to fail3. through with(predicate) the last century, companies paid more attention to strategy, economics and finance. However, today some researches4 argue that a major cause of the high rate of change failures is the fact that managers do not realize that if they do not change their refining to support the changes they are do in strategy, grammatical construction, and technology. If not, the desired changes go a charge fail and shift back into a fit with the original polish5.Furthermore, MA can change the heathenish aspect of an organization due to sorely working environment. In this view, Hitt et al. (2001) argue that acquisitions or me rgers can arrive at inimical working atmosphere some times due to significant differences among twain cultures of the merging firms, which can unclutter working process difficult. However, thisprocess can be quit challanging as Schein6 ague heathenish assessment is usually not possible because the negotiations leading up to the merger/aqcusition have to be unploughed secret. Thus, the merging parties do not discover principal(prenominal) differences until they face themMA is a strategic choice various companies encompases to enter rnew market opportunities and possiblity to amplification revenue beyond geographical boundaries. However, new opprtunities have excessively liberal new challanges to the organizations. When a company changes, either by changing its em sidement or grothws this effects its internal and external environment. Researchers agree the censorious immenseness of managing the human perspectives of the process in order to accomplish the MA goals and to fall upon the needed consolidation. That is why this paper has chosen to focus on the cultural and muckle aspect of change mangement process inside MA commute Management speculationChange focusing literature is diametricaliated between two dominant perspectives with regard to implementing advantageful change in organization. whizz meaning refers to the systematic and think view and the other the chaotic emerging view of organizational change.Carl Weick prominent scholer within change management breaks with the traditionalistic wiev of organizational change and argues that orgnazationas should implement a process of chnage management. That is continous emergent change, when contrasted to the planned view, can be defined as the realization ofa new type of organizing in the absence of explicit a priori intentions7in this view changing is a continuous activity at local levels where people act and make sense of their own social reality8. Continuous changing is a collaborat ive burn up to change management where employees at the operational level as well as mangers are involved in decesion making processes. It brings a holistic view to the organization focuses on interweaving activities, interrelations, and sensemaking.Change is viwe as a continuous activity internally within the organization where people interact and make sense of their own social reality (Weick, 2000, 2001). quite a little make sense oftheir social reality by sensemaking activities, narratives, practices, and multiple realities may be voiced and contrisolelye to down(p) modest changes. These small small-scale changes can be decisive if they occur at the edge of crazy house or in a context of rebalancing and unfreezing. Small changes can have large consequences because of self-reinforcing feedback loops and relations in a social network. In matching systems small changes emerges through the diversity and interconnectedness of galore(postnominal) another(prenominal) micro-conv ersations (Ford Ford, 1995). Micro-level changes provide a platform and a context for transformational change on a macro-level.as in Kotters octonary phases or stages a company must successfully complete in order to obtain lasting change (1995) 9and Lewins Freeze change model(1943)10. Thus, the aim is to implement new methods and systems. This also implies that these changes lie within the organizations control although change-triggering events might have come from immaterial the organization.According to Kotter successful change management is achieved when management carefully plans the change go-ahead. His theory is based upon the 8 mensuration model which has a very systematic view upon organizations and its environment. The 8 step model is give upon eight actions create a sense of urgency, recruit powerful change leaders, build a vision and legally communicate it, remove obstacles, create debauched wins, and build on your momentum. If you do these things, you can help m ake the change part of your organizational culture11. Follwing the perspective of Lewin, the change process must occupy three central steps un-freezing, change and freezing12 . Within un-freezing, inner resistor to change delimits the ability of the individual to move from the present to the desired state. locomote seek to take into account all the forces at work and identify and evalutae, on a trial and error bassis, all the available options13 .The refreezing step establishes ways to make the new level of behavior relatively untroubled against change (Lewin, 1947, p. 344). This step could include installing a new wages system to reinforce the new, desired behavior or restructuring certain aspects of the organization.An supererogatory meaning refers to the complexity view s as in Ralp Stacy (2003)14 of organizational change management. His theory is build upon the view of James Gleick. Gleicks theory is based on Chaos theory and complexity theory. Later on, Stacey march on d eveloped this theory and applied it to human action, as chaos theory originally intended for mathematical deterministic behavior. Chaos theorys get a line message is that our intentional interacting with each other produces intrinsically unorthodox outcomes in the long term, then our planning efforts cannot lead to outcomes we intended something else pass on happen15. However, Stacey does not imply that then everything is utter chaos. As he states predictably unpredictable, thus a system producing patterns that are recognizable and paradoxical. interlocking responsive Processes (CPR) can give insight for top management on how to become more emergent and respond without knowing long term consequences. However, from a bottom line result, business profit maximizing perspective, this might be hard for managers to switch to instantly. It might cost millions. The strategic problem lays within top management being blind to internal need for change. The existing external commercial stra tegy is distant even unknown to the employees and there is no existing internal strategy statement. This causes the employees to think of their job as unrivaled project at a time, missing focus on the development of the company as a whole. This could lead to employees working without a target or a vision unitedly with the company. CPR approach acknowledges the fact that employees are not machines and if the original strategy doesnt produce what it intended. Thus, introducing a case an acquisition between IBM and DMdata in 2004 where IBM management got surprised by the outcome of employee dissatisfaction and its complexities.This paper adresses IBMs acquisition of DM Data as the key reference in this synopsis. The case study, is used in relation to the acquisition are build upon the experiences the former of this paper had working as a trainee in DMdata some(prenominal) before and after the acquisition. This particular acqusition opened the authors eyeball towards the challanges organizations face when implementing new initiatives follwing a merger or acqusition. Why the author find it oparticularly releveant for this course.Introduction of Case studyFirst, I will make a brief introduction of the two companies to get a make better understanding of the organizations and why these may have led to some challenges for both companies. Secondlymost relevant reasons that leadinteresting to observe the case from the corporate culture point of view, which means concerningthe essence of affection businesses, these are essentially different enforcing different values andpriorities concerning job and goals, reflecting with these important inputs potentially conflictive inthe integration process. The conditions mentioned present it as a very appropriate and meaningful woof to develop a case study research.IBM was founded in 1742 and was effected in the USA. It is one of the worlds leading companies in IT. historical heritage is very important for the company, in ter m of know-how but also, in term of marketing IBM has slightly 340.000 employees worldwide and is represented in more than 160 countries16. Given IBMs surface and origin it brings certain values and norms to the business which is grounded in its culture and identity.On the contrary DM data was one of the biggest software companies in Scandinavia. It was established by two Danish companies Danske Bank and Maersk Data. The company encompassed 800 employees located in Aarhus and Copenhagen. Even though the company only existed for seven years it managed to create outstanding profits per year.17 The acquisition between IBM and DM data took place in 2004. After the acquisition, 13% of the employees resigned from their job per year.Many employees mentioned the matrix structure and the American way of doing things as the reason for resigning. 18 The differences of the organizational culture and the way we do thing in each company were fundamentally different. When you effort to change th e core of a companys values and norms its bound to create many challenges19.Both companies, are facing changes in their organizational structures through a MA. That is,the processes, politics, values and frame of references. Each participant of this processes either the acquiring IBM or the acquired DMdata have to face different process and challenges. Clearly, both companies get touch on part of their identity and way of doing things. However due to limited rag to the IBM employees this paper focuses on the view of Dmdata employees.Analysis of IBM change management initiativeIBM managements intended strategy was to incorporate Dmdata as a datterselskab to the master(prenominal) organization of IBM, althoughthey succesed to acquire Dmdata the acqusition broth various unintended changes with it. As mentioned earlier critically positioned employees left the organization and a hostile and confusing environment arised. The unsuccesfull change management of the new initiatives within Dmdata, resulted in inefficient resource utilization, poor products and services20, and frusttration amon employees and management.IBM management approach to the acqusition can be characterized as a controlling. That is,Some of the DMdata employees reactions came from poor communications such as IBM CEO Lars Mikkelgaard used the banter fusion when he visited us for the first time, when it was in fact a takeover21. Other reactions were licking about changing from national to an international company, from gradable to matrix structure and from small to big company.He empha size of its the success they had in DM data on some(prenominal) occasions by expression Those who sit down and think about it, then DM-data was a success story. Built from 53 men to something IBM would buy for x billions later22. He feels lose by IBMs management style and does not consider it as fitted for Danish culture In Denmark, IBM is derived by this American team spirit. The DM-data culture is influenc ed by the culture of Maersk and Danske Bank, which is very Danish23. And I have also been public lecture about quality in life etc. But when you are bought up, you come into an identity crisis.Furthermore, Dmdata employees lacked an incentive to adapt to the changes as they felt they new best as one employee states He stereotypes the Americans There are several States in the US where American Indians are not allowed to walk together more than four at a time. If they do, then you are allowed to spud them.24And he goes on elaborating his indignation of doing things the America way are not allowed to have loaded weapon, so we can laugh a good turn of it25 here he shows that he does not take IBM seriously. The HR coach-and-four talks a lot about how successful the company was, but ridicules of IBM to almost having gone bankrupt. IBM has also been close to going under in 1993. There it was close enough to not exist anymore. And here it is clear that one as a giant company with the am bitions one had, establishes control preparations. These are then some of the procedure which we have to comply to26.Follwing Lewin effective change could not tkae place unless there was a felt need be all those concerned27. Also in this view, Kotter agues for establishing a sense of urgency. That is people need a good reasontodothingsdifferently, faling this might have created the anxiety and unsecurity Dmdata employees felt. The plump for step of Kotters 8step model might have easen, having an aly . Short term winsNadler and Tushman 1995 suggest that there are mainly two types of change that organisations are go about with, namely first- order and second- order changes28. . First -Order changes are characterized by small adjustments in system, processes or structures, whereas Second order changes are characterized by transformational which affects the core identity and values of an organization. Nadler and Tushman refer to transformational change as discontinuous change. They win dissects the changes as follows incremental (tuning and accommodation). Tuning as being anticipatory and adaptation as being reactive. Discontinuous (re-orientation and digression) change. Re-orientation as being anticipatory and recreation as being reactive.Acquisitions such as IBM/ DMdata are generally regarded as a second- order change. Although IBM and DMdata are in the same industry the size of the two companies together with the cultural heritance of the two are dissimilar. There are national cultural differences, structural differences together with strategic differences which may caused frustration among the employees at DMdata. Furthermore, it is important to into consideration when characterizing whethera change is transfomational or transactional this can be viwed from two sides in mergers and aqcusiotions.remember althought the acqusition can be carachterized as frame divagation for DMdataFollowing Palmer, Dunford and Akin29 any organizational change usually invol ves paying attention to organizational culture. That it for IBM management to provide a new vision for the DMdata employees and not simply imposing their own without any involvement from the DMdata employees.The diagnostical tools can be helpful for an organisation to know which changes it is dealing with so that it can inform its strategy selection and organisational configuration to better respond to such changes. It seems homogeneous IBM management underestimated some of the challenges it was presented to when they acquired DMdata. The strategic problem lays within top management being blind to internal need for change and adoption within DMdata. Adapting the right diagnostical tools could have helped the management to take the right action in the right context. The lack of information could have been prevented by management fetching a nurturer approach. Instead of the top down directors approach.DiscussionChange and how people react to it are important features of organisation al life. Its vital to remember in times of change, especially transformational change such as mergers and acqusitions, employees are not machines. The way we perceive change and its consecuenses can be different and paradox. As discussed earlier, it can be helpful for management to characterize the scale and scope of the change to better comprehend the impact of a change. However, its important to keep in mind that you will always be confronted with unintended change outcomes. The main problem areas within change implementation in mergers and aquisitions lie within differences in culture, not having a clear communication, and not assigning anyone asresponsible for the change initiatives. The external, managerial and operational level never worked together as one in the IBM/DMdata case study. When merging or acquiring two companies it is critical to consider their corporate culture. The success of a merger/aqusition depends as lots on culture fit as it does on strategic and financial .Various failed deals can be attributed to corporate culture differences never being considered, or cultural clashes never being addressed. Furthermore, if the people side of MAs are ignored, as in the case study, both companies face not meeting the anticipated break up of the transaction.1 Kotter, Lewin2 Choas theries Ralp stacey, Car Weick3 Strategic change management class notes, lecture one4 Gerry Johnson , the cultural web, Mary Jo Hatch Majen Shultz, identity, Edgar Schein5 Palmer, Ian, Richard Dunford, and one thousand Akin. (2009) Managing organizational Change p. 1636 Schein, E.H. 1990. Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco Jossey-Bass p.1787 Orlowski 1996, p 65 accesed in Weick 2000 p 2278 Weick, 2000 p. 2259 Kotter 1995, Leading Change Why Transformation Efforts Fail10 Palmer, Ian, Richard Dunford, and Gib Akin. (2009) Managing Organizational Change p. 1951112 Palmer, Ian, Richard Dunford, and Gib Akin. (2009) Managing Organizational Change p. 19513 Lew in 1947a accesed through study notes from lecture 214 Stacey, Ralph. (2003) Organizations as Complex Responsive Processes of Relating. Journal ofInnovative Management15 Stacey, Ralph. (2003) Organizations as Complex Responsive Processes of Relating. Journal ofInnovative Management p2816 IBM Database17 DM Data handbook p 1618 www.computerworld.com http//www.computerworld.dk/art/40353?cid=4q=dm+datasm=searcha=cidi=4o=5pos=619 Strategic change management class notes20 As a reslut of many employees leaving many projects didnt get finished with led to many dissatisfied clientsandcostumers.21 Malike Karatepe22 Comment 1, concomitant 123 Comment 2, Appendix 124 Comment 6, Appendix 125 Comment 7, Appendix 126 Comment 8, Appendix 127 course notes lektion 2 by Rex Degnegaard28 Palmer,Dunford and akin p 8729 Palmer, Dunford and Akin p. 9

Chronotopic Identity In Invisible Man English Literature Essay

Chro nonopic Identity In camouflaged worldly concern race English Literature look forRalph Ellisons Invisible serviceman is a original of deliverance from darkness to light, a resequencer of cognitive awargonness and contraryial patterns of conformity. It rejects bogus, deeming it as nonhing much than a form of limitation, a burden hampering the doctrine of artistic creation. The novel appeals to the substantiating participation of its readers in determining the mechanisms which constitute a collective conscience, a moral voice which communicates for us and through us.The causality commits to his duality as a mainstream educated, patriotic Ameri tail assembly in spite of appearancer and his oft eons frustrating position as a repressed minority, a victim persecution, the racial outsider. His status has the potential drop to propagate a significant amount of perceptual sackful as he is granted insight, unrestricted access into both(prenominal) funda custodytal facets of the American ethnic construct. Ellison is an outspoken denouncer of extremism in all of its forms and medical specialtyal modes of kind object, placing capital tension on accurate depictions and justifiable service control, banishing impulses or other gayifestations of sense which bunk to either embellish or diminish the narrative.The novel functions by utilizing a strong inner(a) voice attempting to claim the spoils of jazz and ergodic materialization of captured imagination. Generating the narrative voice is non besides an entirely separatist endeavor as Ellison must(prenominal) preoccupy him ego with exhibitions of intent that mark familiarity in terms of style, char proceedinger growing and literary form. He manages to capture hit-or-miss synchronicities in the fabric of language and tame them under the banner of bearing and literary design. Language is thus able to ascend to a spirit level where it is no longer restricted to app arnt(a)ly expressing id eas it begins to find autarkic thought, move somewhat the forger of identity as an instrument of both creation and deception.From this standpoint, 1 is al close to obligated to view Ellisons makeup as an act of nationalism and national pride. But he is by no means a celebrator of the free-baseing fathers or other much(prenominal) bribers of destiny. He bows to the normal man, the carrier of tradition and the giver of love and enlightening humanity. Powerful men atomic number 18 perceived as the enemies of equality and freedom privileged the American experiment. This pseudo-communist view and manner of interpreting deeds, respective(prenominal)s and events will trigger an internal infringe interior the mind of Ellison himself who viewed communism as a corrupt and fall in ideology and treated it as much(prenominal), indirectly of course through his depicting of the Brotherhood in Invisible Man.The perception of Afro-Americans is modulated to encompass not all the ir immediate dilemmas, entirely everyplacely the trigger- fractions of their ult that had obstructed their development as a host and as individuals. Sla very(prenominal) is the key element inside a shameful national battlefield whose remnants still include segregation, unwarranted racial presuppositions and a lack of equal opportunity and respect. soon enough Ellison does not let rage or Black Nationalism puddle the better of him. His solution for mending the hearts and minds of all parties involved is found on love, tolerance, af sureative action, exploring the elements that unite us rather than embracing those which wealthy person the capacity to tear our shared humanity asunder.Ellison is maven of Americas gatekeepers of moral level. His cultivate on the Afro-American novel and the American novel as a whole may have hastened the emergence of the Civil Rights Movement. He carried inside his writing the intellectual turmoil of his generation and set the standard for a new moral and artistic comprehension of 1960s America. His objective was not to portray a coherent image of individual identity, or of corrosive identity merely the identity of the American rainbow, the melting pot of fright complexity. His verbal flux and communicative fortitude served as a smother valve for the creative energies of his countrymen. The great American writer ac noesisd Faulkner, Melville or Hawthorne solely above all he paid homage to the almost blessed pieces of paper (the Constitution and the Bill of Rights) which had dictated the moral imperatives shaping the resplendent destiny of his beloved America. His patriotism was not un general for an individual alert in 1940s and 50s America what was oddly inspiring however was the concomitant that he managed to unreservedly love a country that had at meter rejected and humiliated him because of the color of his skin. Invisible Man is a novel of hope and belief in the ideals for which America stands. Had it n ot been for Ellisons patriotism and practice in Americas pledge of liberty and justice for all his novel would neer have been written because despite his faade of irony and pessimism Ralph Waldo Ellison is a adjust believer that adjustment will come, that he himself can make a difference through his work and generous humanity. The novelists responsibility and debt to society cannot be everywherelooked or ignored towards the realm of perdition. Both form and content must coexist and serve the authors creative infrastructure, a convergence hub where lit and democracy become intertwined creating not only mentally endowed computer addresss but withal intelligent, opinionated citizens/readers who have the courage and mental clarity to change society for the better.Imagination does not lock its course individually and independently. In Invisible Man for example it responds to the needs and compensative prerequisites of American life. This complex and vastly creative subroutine of the human mind governs the flux of the yet unexplored or under-discovered recoils of fate, regulates preoccupations of solitude fills in the blanks of our existence as all unbent creation begins with imagination and if we seek to better ourselves we must first ideate it with our minds inner eye. The protagonist in Invisible Man is meant to become the stark(a) American citizen but he is still in beta testing. A more congealed interlingual rendition is set to get along after the author has full experimented with his test dummy and exhausted all potential behavioral simulations generated by his mental resourcefulness. The final version of the credit should be very astute in reflecting not just destiny or surmisal but besides Americas variations and complexity, referring here of course to its cultural heritage, racial, gender and layer interactions.Invisible Man must not be costed solely ground on its intrinsic value. Like any work of art its dedicated objective is to move, transport or transform even abstract concepts such as democracy or perceptions of freedom. Ellison was well alive(predicate) of this reality and also mentally converged on the topic of control by the artist versus the readership over the resulting cultural product the work of art begins to pulsate with those meanings, emotions, ideas brought to it by its audience, and over which the artist has but limited control (Ellison qtd. in Callahan 199594). After context of use in motion multiple perspectives dealing with creation as an act of control, he attempts a power play through which the author must fully detach himself from his work, set all personal subjectivity divagation and become his suffer personal appraisal specialist by victorious on the routine of the reader who must objectively assess a work in progress. This creative order is deeply rooted in imagination, and the king to immerse oneself inside a fundamentally different role caresses the realm of empathic intelligen ce, setting about to comprehend the hidden truths in arrears sociablely assigned roles and adaptive, intellectual democracy.The rampant success of Invisible Man ignited a vast whirlwind of undignified criticism and unwarranted, feeble justifications. The situation that the book was well ahead of its clock time concerning matters of race, gender or companionable affiliation caught the attention of many critics of that time who were unfortunately locked inside a limited mindset, unable to comprehend a visionary such as Ralph Ellison. They interpreted the defiance of norms, categories and labeling as nothing less than literary, cordial and cultural heresy. The random, free-flowing, fluid literary style Ellison had perfected from his adaptations of jazz was also deemed precarious, seen as lacking in consistency and proper planning. The writer justly and calmly defended his novel, explaining, justifying and clarifying all push throughs related to his novel regardless of time const raints or argumentative relevance. His eloquence and patience as well as his magnate to enhance predictions partaking in an astonishing pre-revelation of the American collective eventually make him the praise, respect and recognition he most undoubtedly deserves. The novel comes as a response to a creative higher calling, a quittance of ghostlike debt, a brave mastery of honor and dignity.Ellisons working notes and garner have rendered clarification relevant to the conceptual and structural apparatus screw Invisible Man. The first part of the Working Notes analyses not only the causes of invisibleness but also its subsequent manifestations and the impact it has on all parties involved. He uncovers cardinal main sources of invisibleness which are strongly rooted in the American cultural paradigm. The first generative element of invisibility is human nature itself. Man is instinctually pre-programed or pre-conditioned to interpret all physical, mental or spiritual differences as signs of inferiority and potential threats. This unfortunate reality en ties unneeded clustering and segregation, separation and even conflict. Invisibility is not only a prerogative of race, gender or religious orientation. Individuals have often found themselves in a state of conflict or just ignorance because of useless differentiations such as being from another city, blabing with a reasonably different accent or supporting a different sports team. The completion is that no matter how small or big the differences, people are more than willing to surrender their personal identity to that of their respective compulsory collective. They incapacitate themselves from seeing members of the rival faction as fellow, kindred beings and caress a path of antagonism and dismal competition. The second factor of invisibility would be what Ellison identified in his notes as the great formlessness of Negro life. pagan values here are highly volatile and exposed to a continuous stream of transformation and evolution. Afro-Americans are also subjected to often enfeeble and divers(a) hardships from which only powerful individuals emerge with their personality, identity and sanity intact. because it is difficult to create a stable, visible version of oneself inside a shifting and diverse ethnic universe whose objective is to heap disorientation rather than stomach a marginally functional moral compass.The issue of compromise has largely gone unseen in the novel. On the surface it is a concept or deliberate lack of action which leads to a passive resolution of conflicts. Taking a more in-depth look however reveals that compromise merely postpones a brutal reaction or conflict. This method leads to the accumulation of tension, an overwhelming increase in the parameters of rage and self-loathing. Compromise draws its aught not from cognition but from weakness because the truly powerful do not compromise they just make merciful enlightened concessions from time t o time. The unnamed hero in Invisible Man joins the Brotherhood and posterior serves its nefarious plans not out conviction but out of necessity. This merciless left wing organization which is nothing more than a literary expression of the real life Communist Party uses the main character as he allows himself to be manipulated. He catches rare glimpses of what goes on hind end the curtain but he refuses to see and acknowledge the truth. And herein lurks his predicament the truth cannot and will not set him free, not the weakened version of himself anyway. The truth always reaches everyone no matter how strong or dilate the deception might be, yet it is always meant for those who have the power to experience it. Weakness and compromise can also lead to the dissolution of family values. The protagonists intimate indiscretions with a married woman are overlooked by her maintain in the interest of politics. The fact that there is no vindication for this dastard(prenominal) act fe nd fors that our character is indeed for all intents and purposes invisible and also that advanced day society is severely dehumanizing as under the false and imperfect mask of a pseudo-enlightenment a man is forced to himself find, accept and provide justification for adultery and sentimental betrayal.Devising his female characters spawned a great deal of compromise for Ellison himself. Most women in the novel are depict as prostitutes or secret agents of deception and misrepresentation. Mary Rambo is the only decreed female character in the novel, a nurturer, a benefactor for the protagonist, a mother figure. Despite all her qualities however she can never be a true partner for the invisible man as she absolutely lacks eroticism or passion. She cant muster out him she can only tend to a limited amount of wounds. From Ellisons Working Notes we are do aware of what could have been the unnamed characters significant other. Sadly enough she never made the roster. Louise was envi saged as seductive, charming the flagship of American ideals of freedom, democracy and fertility. Her relative perfection break of defeats the purpose of the whole novel. The main character must be assaulted, tried and prodded from all directions. His hardships are transformative, motivating, the defining initiators of his true identity. Give him love and repurchase and you might end up with a Garfield-type character, too lazy and indisposed to seek transformative confrontation. So sadly enough we ended up with near(a) old Sybil, Ellisons little compromise, who happens to have a bad case of jungle fever and whom the main character regards as nothing more than an hindrance and possibly a source of non- necessity information.The end of the novel commandeers a head of interactive integrity where Ellison appeals to both novice and specialized readers. He reveals the voice voice of his narrative, a raft of hope carrying with it the encoded pride of our shared humanityBeing invis ible and without substance, a disembodied voice as it were, what else could I do? What else but try to tell you what was really happening when your eyeball were looking through? And it is this which frightens me Who knows but that, on the lower frequencies, I speak for you? (Ellison, 1995581)1.3. Ralph Ellison Between Addiction and TraditionRalph Ellison underscores the linkages and contacts between Afro-American Culture and mainstream American finale, based on a hope of potential synergy, choosing to disregard controlling bonds of restrictive servitude. The limitations to his method are very few as he manages to create new worth through the exploration of the infinite possibilities conferred by syndicate tradition, jazz or the tales of old. He promotes his narrative as a stable and truthful presence in the discontinuous, swiftly changing and diverse American culture. His body of work expresses a blues-like absurdity in evaluate a personal impulse to defy limitations, seeking not simply a portrayal of tradition, but a translation, a decryption of its wider, more precise meanings. Ellisons blues attest to the agony of life and the distinct accident of overcoming all adversity through sheer wealth of spirit and desire to carry on by using pain as a catalyst rather than succumb to its destructive charms.Several essays in darkness and Act call attention to the purpose of folklore and its inner workings, as they essay to preserve the repeated situations that had once formulated the existence of a clean-cut group of individuals, capturing the beauty of thoughts and emotions. The wisdom and spiritual wealth of a group, its symbols, icons and communicative legacy and ultimately its desire to live long and prosper, generated according to Ellison, an essential truth which captured the spirit of all relentlesss. Folk symbols can utterly annihilate time through their simplicity, and an entire culture can revolve near a raw image, a universal rhythm. When ad dressing the black experience Ellison is a firm believer that folklore confirms the Negros willingness to trust his own experience, his own sensibilities rather than to go for their oppressors and masters to decide these fundamental things for them. Folklore therefore becomes not only a source of cohesive identity but a resource for freedom as well.Black American folklore functions as an integral part of American and Western culture. Ellison recognizes the merits of a black tradition in confronting new American and global issues, by extracting from life new and profound definitions of joy. Black culture makes wide use of characters who represent folk cultural archetypes functioning inside a wider context of strategic symbology, representing various forms of art, music, religion or folk poetry. In Invisible Man the characters provide contrast and conflict with the wooly nature of the invisible narrator who hovers above the storyline observing and sometimes triggering events which c onsolidate the narrative drive. The slave woman appearing in the prologue is meant to confirm centuries of victimization and hardships, and announce a propulsion towards embracing and understanding freedom. The grandfather who appears several times throughout the novel is a toxic character. He embodies the ambiguity of the past, a monument of bitterness and spiritual limitation which can have potentially crippling and debilitating consequences. The old mans gregarious survival scheme of allowing the so called self-destructive nature of the white man to run its course confirms a false and contagious grasp of what is real and functional. His yessing strategy worthy of the great Napoleon himself has nearly fatal repercussions for his grandson who adopts the strategy of his elderberry bush not out of belief but out of confusion and desperation.From a cultural point of view Invisible Man only has two characters who encompass both folk and contemporary black tradition Trueblood and Mar y.Jim Trueblood is on a very basic level an expectant father, a family man, a maker and supporter of life. Yet he is also a rapist, a pedophile and a performer of adultery and incest. The sins of this father cannot be warrant through oniric dementia. His heinous act does not prevent him from finding redemption through music I looks up and sees the stars and I starts singing. He also reaches a very dangerous Popeye the Sailor type conclusion, an empty statement that allows justification for just about anything I aint nobody but myself. putting aside the repugnant nature of this character one cant help oneself notice that he is deeply rooted in tradition his humor, storytelling and manner of speaking exemplify the turmoil of his ethnic, racial and kind legacy. Trueblood is also a part of Western tradition. He acknowledges his weakness and the sins of the pattern and in his misrepresented way he tries to be a family man Im a man and man dont leave his family. From a psychological standpoint, Trueblood is part of the Western tradition of incest entering the realm of Freudian psycho compend and dream interpretation.Mary Rambo is the only character in Invisible Man whom Ellison depicts in a tyrannical manner. every last(predicate) other women are either prostitutes, crazy, sexually deviant, manipulative or lack a moral compass. Mary however is a kind, nurturing individual with a tremendous potential to eliminate the pain and suffering of those around her. She benefits from a robust humanity deeply anchored in the beauty and common sense of folk wisdom and time honored traditions. This female character manages to short integrate into the crazy life of the metropolis without abandoning her individual complexity. She is never tainted by what festers around her and remains true to her pure and trustworthy calling.Ellison is able to comprehend both the splendor and the horrific nature of black culture. He uses language for example as a verbal facilitator for th e most noble of human thoughts. The rich language of the South, the blooming spoken articulate of the North, the joyful verbal flow of 50s Harlem are all pitted against the ability of language to manipulate, to control, to create riots and inspire fear. Folk traditions, associated with other mechanisms of human comprehension, entreat both the writer and the reader into the intimate life of blacks in America, allowing us to discover and observe them in celebration or tribulation, gripped by contentment alongside family and friends or in their darkest hour of need. Ellison employs cultural tradition without overusing outdoor(a) radio links. His dramatic recoil is often based on a musical arrangement of illusions which in the end exposes the betrayal of blackness while at the corresponding time expounding a traumatic treatment of folk values.Folklore does not exist for its own sake. Its governing principle is to override futility within the confine of strict thematic structural isation and dramatic undertones. Ellisons conceptual apparatus overpowers outdated representations of the southerly folk community deeming them obsolete and leaning towards a more pre-individual approach to the matter at hand. He accomplishes an in-depth look into the mind of the individual or their respective collective. His characters are by no means nonsentimental or monosentimental, exploring antecedently untapped levels of the Afro-American psyche, reaching a point of cognitive no return. This tinkering about with both collective and individual representations of black society is do with flair and a great deal of humor and irony and herein lies the intrinsic value of Invisible Man. He makes the exploration of personal and group identity appear simpleton, natural and free flowing.Ellison has a very firm grip on the obvious and strives to implement cultural representations bearing in mind the potential of folklore to bring forth both enlightenment and spiritual unease. His inten tion is not to call down the proverbial thunder on the established order of perception as he is by no means a revolutionary writer. The milestone he sets out to complete is simply to interconnect Western symbols and mythology with black culture and folk wisdom in the hope of understanding and accepting the rules that govern this particular paradigm.Ellisons connection to the West, the systemic support in Invisible Man, offer an almost numeral precision between creative consistency and cultural pronouncements. Larry Neal credited Ellison with a broad spectrum of theoretical sense, an intimidate corpus of knowledge regarding the explosive tensions vestigial the Black mans presence in the United States. (Neal, 19689)Invisible Man resonates as a powerful pledge which is fully committed towards grasping the depths and abstruse splendors that forge the definition of blackness. Ellison appears hungry to exploit the functions and dedicated objectives of language. He is not burdened by h is cultural responsibility, but rather he views it as a method of release, embracing a higher calling of both a universal writer and a black writer. His hunger for definitions, the bring of mannerisms and collective deductions stake their claim on a narrative that is offered with apparent ease and an almost godlike understanding of the black condition. There is music and ease behind his equanimous imagination and desire to embrace the knowledge of his forefathers. A clinical presupposition would therefore entail an absolute independence inside the creative laws which define his conceptual apparatus. His examination of blackness though perfectly expounded and formulated is not without precedence. William Faulkner laid the foundation for Ellison through a mixed of emblematic devices and astonishing accomplishments in capturing the proverbial zeitgeist of the South. Although Faulkner asserts himself as the deepest of the southerners, a large than life communicator through symbols, Ellisons work should not be misconstrued as imitation or worse, as being written from an anxiety of influence. Ralph Ellison is an adequately essential writer, one profoundly original writer who is able to provide us with fresh new insight into Afro-American culture. His tree of literary knowledge casts a large enough shadow enabling him implement a black focus that gathers success in its en forbids with an audience immensely thankful of his creative undertakings.Ultimately Ralph Ellison produces a genuine and stimulating complexity when it comes to writing based on Afro-American culture and folk traditions. He commandeers mysterious messaging, appearing almost intoxicated with the power of his own written expression and duty towards creative instruments of mental debt and depth. Folk tradition for Ellison is not proliferated as an end in itself, the author is severely self-conscious and bewildered by the overwhelming merits of simple traditions that have stood the test of time and enabled their carriers to maintain a coherent sense of identity. True folk forms provide us with a celebration of life, a righteous use of the flexible service instruments which give the axe hope in the name of tradition, a proud remembrance of the past that is bound to secure the future.1.4 Chronotopic Identity in Invisible ManMikhail Bakhtins systemic apparatus of emblematic devices comprises cognitive depths which function beyond arbitrary boundaries of simple cultural relevance. Therefore applying Bakhtinian mechanisms of comprehension to Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man is a fully warranted undertaking encompassing both structure and a stern analysis of desirable and justified content. Bakhtins conceptual framework can be held accountable for altering cultural realms outside its borders of encounter, supplementing external ideas, improving and completing them. All disseminated elements are interconnected, lacking in explicit manifestation, adhering to implicit introduction and dialogic confrontation. Bakhtin asserts that no work of literature can exist as a separate, independent entity. Any literary text is in a state of flux, maintaining talk with other literary voices or streams. The influence can reside in imitation, modular transformation or adaptation, or even rejection which is nothing more than a reversal of method. A text is always advised by other texts and at the same time it has the duty to inform its readership. The connection between two texts is by no means constrictive or parasitic in nature. Its symbiotic orientation capitalizes on interdisciplinary colloquy and voice structure, honoring kind complexity and linguistic wealthThe internal stratification of language is a prerequisite for the novel. The novel orchestrates all its themes, the center of the world of objects and ideas depicted and expressed in it, by means of the social diversity of speech types and by the differing individual voices that flourish under such conditions. The links and interrelations lead to the novels heteroglossia and dialogization. (Bakhtin, 1981 263)Identity formation, cultural memory and religion are paramount in the understanding of blacks and whites not as mere individuals but as complex, interconnected cultural entities. Bakhtins approach is atemporal and universal, allowing us to not only see or understand Afro-American culture but also to expand its deeper meanings, adapt and improve our own culture, enable a validating cross-cultural contamination by upgrading our shared humanity and collective heritage. plastered Bakthinian matters of interest such as power and control, materialism, (re)structured social and ethnic relations, dialogism, spacial and temporal paradigms provide the necessary competence to outline patterns of relevant functionality in Invisible Man. Ralph Ellisons displays a considerable amount of dialogic audacity as a method of integrating social strategies in his novel. His principles are governed by mental alacrity and argumentative observations which often foster resentment and playful overtones of jerry-built chaos. Ellison and Bakhtin possess a dedicated, shared infrastructure, a common ground where their variations in discourse can become intertwined and intervene in the establishment of philosophic augmentations and consistent power structures. The boundaries between the two become nothing more than non-cohesive, penetrable conventions which allow transcendent voices to define the desires of randomly assigned trust and determination. Envisioning Invisible Man as a Bakhtinian novel one cant help but detect the ubiquitous Carnivalesque elements of perception which generate and govern the social environment. The Carnival entails a state of absolute liberation and subsequently a state of pseudo-anarchy, capricious libertinism and equality. It exists outside political, economic and social restrictions, suspending the status quo, living up to ideals of randomness and improvisation. It is a festival which celebrates the dissolution of individual hierarchies and the dismemberment of forged and unjust equilibriums. There is little dwell for political ambitions or extravagant portrayal of mediocre deeds. The Carnivaleque is a counter reaction to those abusive systems which strive to acquire our humanity with thirty pieces of our own silver.Another essential Bakhtinian concept that is of great importance to Invisible Man is that of the chronotope. Time-space describes the dual matrix behind the emergence of Ellisons novel, understanding both history and the topos on which it occurs. Ralph Ellison bends time to his liking offering nonlinear and often simultaneous projections engaging the readers attention and selective intelligence, inviting him to experienceA slightly different sense of time, youre never quite on the beat. Sometimes youre ahead and sometimes behind. Instead of the swift and imperceptible flowing of time, you are aware of its nodes, those points w here time stands still or from which it leaps ahead. And you slip into the breaks and look around. (Ellison, 19958)This enigmatic passage distorts the received perception of time, offering a multilayered temporal construct which seeks to achieve transference of control while at the same time generating a modality of insecure reclusiveness and underprivileged substantiations of unclear history.The chronotopes initial manifestation in Invisible Man is done through the use of the fictional present. We are informed with great equanimity and familiarity that the narrator dwells in a coal root cellar which is designed as a cocoon of self-banishment, an in-between world, a self -imposed Purgatory from which he can be emerge a new man, situate to confront his previous oppressors and the flawed systems that had spawned them. Time here contracts fissuring the containment of common meanings, creating a brave new nexus of darkened topography and supporting a cronosphere of intimidating and deliberate variation. The chronotope is the fulfiller of tradition, an astute element/method which defines our sense of community and social history. According to Mikhail Bakhtin,The chronotope is where the knots of narrative are tied and untied . Time becomes, in effect, palpable and visible the chronotope makes narrative events concrete, makes them take on flesh, causes blood to flow in their veins . Thus the chronotope, functioning as the primary means for materializing time in space, emerges as a center for concretizing representation, as a force giving body to the entire novel. All the novels abstract elements philosophical and social generalizations, ideas, analyses of cause and effect gravitate towards the chronotope and through it take on flesh and blood, permitting the imaging power of art to do its work. (Bakhtin, 1981, 250)Time and space are inextricably intertwined with respect to the fundamental acknowledgement of uni

E Government Model Of Public Service Social Policy Essay

E organization Model Of domain Service tender constitution EssayE-Government computer simulation with ICT of unrestricted dish up address was started in southward Africa first time, for the preferred as channel for citizen-centered renovation spoken communication. It way of life to provide quality operates to the citizens of its country. In this paper we give oeuvre the role of E- authorities within developing country in the conspiracy Africa with the assistance of fictional character examine.First of both we result consider what is E- organisation?E-GovernmentE-Government (short for electronic authorities, likewise be intimaten as digital administration, online regime or transformational judicature) is a soft neologism riding habitd to refer to the hold of instruction and communication applied science to provide and alter organisation function, transactions and actions with citizens, vexati cardinals, and former(a) arms of politics.speech proto types and activities of e-GovernmentThe primary deli very copys of e-Government depose be divided intoGovernment-to-Citizen or Government-to-Customer (G2C)Government-to-Business (G2B)Government-to-Government (G2G)Government-to-Employees (G2E) at bottom to each one of these interaction domains, four kinds of activities take placePushing information over the Internet, e.g. regulatory services, general holidays, open hearing schedules, issue briefs, notifications, and so forthTwo-way communications between the delegacy and the citizen, a business, or other giving medication agency. In this baby-sit, consumptionrs can engage in dialogue with agencies and put problems, comments, or requests to the agency.Conducting transactions, e.g. lodging tax returns, applying for services and grants.These types of activities may be performed exactly not may be that exclusively activities argon performed by all the countries. Some call for greater but some have slightPrimarily purpose of introducing this model is to direct access to the Government. So improve the efficiency of existence services drive homey in southmost Africa.This model is based on miscue study look for, foc utilize on mavin of the governing bodys primary service delivery programmes social grants, as mentioned in case study.South African Social Security Agency (SASSA) was established as an extension of government delivery arm that administers the delivery of social grants to the wretchedest of the poor in South Africa. SASSAsVision and mission is aligned with several Batho Pele principles.Batho Pele which literally elbow room people first.Introduction of this ModelBatho Pele Public Service words in South Africa. Batho Pele is South Africas constitutionally mandated human race service delivery philosophy. This model ensures that all the citizens can hold public servants accountable for the takes of service receive from government. The expected transformation in service delivery is r emediate comprehended on the reflection that South Africa has only been a republican country since 1994.Here we look into background of this model. The path of service delivery transformation formally began in 1995 with the release of the White Paper on the Transformation of Public Service. The WPTPS established the institutional framework that could guide the belowstructure of new policies and the implementation of the new constitutional mandates. It was shortly followed in 1997 by the White Paper on Transforming Public Service Delivery, labeled as the Batho Pele White Paper. The Batho Pele White Paper specifically aimed at promoting integrated and seamless(prenominal) public service delivery. This was on the basis of the Batho Pele philosophy.Batho Pele advocates nine principles to guide publicServantsConsultation with citizensSetting service standardsIncreasing access to informationEnsuring politenessProviding information openness andTranspargonncy redress and value for money .On the other hand South Africa, through its Center of Public Service diversity (CPSI), places significant Importance to initiatives to transform governments way of working through ICT a notion commonly known as E-government / e-governance.E-Government E-GovernanceThe terms e-government and e-governance are a great deal use to describe a governments use of education and Communication engineering science (ICT) to render services to its citizens. There is a debate in research community about these two terms of E-government and E-governance.E-governance can be defined as the use of emerging information and communication technologies to facilitate the processes of government and public governingE-government can be defined as the use of Information technology to support government operations, engage citizens, and provide government services.In the definition of e-governance, we read that it focuses on the use of ICT to assist the administration and management of Government.On ot her hand in the definition of e-government we see that it focuses on the use of ICT to provide the services in the support of government operations for the public service delivery of people of that country.The dominant models for e-government come about their roots in public management models and e-business models. While researchers of e government differ on the make ups, privileges and obligations of clients, customers and Citizens. They generally concur that e-government move through stages to cash in ones chips maturity. notwithstanding, the successful initiatives are hard to come by. This realization led to the very important and underlying concern are government ICT technological innovations adhering to the principles of people first, so to say, are the government ICT technological innovations enabling the improvement of service delivery in South Africa?This case study also tells us about the understanding by foc apply on the government agency responsibilities for one of the key service delivery programs the South African Social Security Agency, SASSA.A case study of a government department, the South African Social Security Agency (SASSA), was adopted investigate the phenomenon of e-government give be studied in the context of Batho Pele. Since the each government service is measured against the same principles that are defined in Batho Pele. Applicability of this model can be drawn to other government units.In this case study the data was collected by different ways, through coordinate face-to-face and telephonic interviews with people involved in delivering an ICT system to the business units of the South African Social Security Agency (SASSA).Pros/Advantages/Merits of this Model all involvement is not perfect in this universe except God. So all model is having both characteristics of merits and demerits. Similarly here we are using the E-government model which was used in South Africa for public service delivery.We know that it is very poor co untry and not so developed. So umteen South Africans do not have direct approach to public services which are supplied by the Government as stated in the case study.Following may be the major advantages of this model.Equally dispersal of servicesBatho Pele aims to distribute the services equally among the public. Not any specialisation on the basis of race, gender, citizen, distance etc. its mean that every one has right equally of public services.Access to informationThis model also explains that the citizen has easily access to the information about the Government execution of instrument and other activities so there may be accountability in much(prenominal) a manner.Quality servicesAccess to information services empowers citizens and creates value for money, quality services.Reduction of Unnecessary expenditure.When there lead be e-government so easily information available about every thing of government and government institution.It reduces unnecessary expenditure for th e citizens. Questions that can generally be answered during the interview can revolve around what ICT initiatives are organism used to increase the accessibility of the service or product and how accessible these initiatives are to communities who dont have the required ICT infrastructure.Providing information availability of information with regards to products and services shouldNot only be at the service point, but should also progress to to increase the availability of products and services to the public who are far forward from those service points The main area of focus would be to increase the Availability of information to the public who are far away From service points.ICT is used as a business support tool, and since the business of government is to deliver a publicService, ICT supports public service. The implementers of these ICT services will thus be measured against the benchmarks of how well the public service was delivered.Thus we should have to cautiously analyze the support of use of ICT within the government department or agency. This sensitivity would greatly influence the interpretation of the text collected during the interviews. constitute effectiveIt is convenient and cost-effective for businesses, and the public benefits by getting abstemious access to the most current information available without having to spend time, push and money to get it.E-government helps simplify processes and makes access to government information more than easily accessible for public sector agencies and citizens.The anticipated benefits of e-government include efficiency, change services, better accessibility of public services, andTransparencyWe see that due to use of this model transparence occurred. Due to the whole connected system through internet technology, every information is available for all.AccountabilityStudy O.K. that due to E-government, there is greater accountability on each and every thing because all the information is available t o every one. So public knows the activities of government. So there is a accountability on government by public and other institutions and citizens.DemocratizationThrough e-government the greater citizen can amour upon political issues. They can connect themselves to politicians through internet.This model gives the more plain government, allowing the voters to see the effect of their representatives. What they are doing and what they are not doing in right manner.Public can become more aware about the government activities and they can make best decision about their future.Speed, efficiency, and convenienceE-government allows citizens to interact with computers to achieve objectives at any time and any location, and eliminates the necessity for tangible travel to government agents sitting behind desks and windows. Improved accounting and script keeping can be noted through computerization, and information and forms can be easily accessed, equaling quicker processing time. Indiv iduals with disabilities or conditions no endless have to be mobile to be active in government and can be in the comfort of their own homes.This model was evaluate warmly, the young people who were not participating in political issues earlier but now they are too participating is national level issues due to e-government.RisksThere are many considerations and potential implications of implementing and designing e-government, including disintermediation of the government and its citizens, impacts on economic, social, and political factors, vulnerability to cyber attacks, and disturbances to the status quo in these areas.Hyper-surveillanceIncreased seize between government and its citizens goes both ways. Once e-government begins to develop and become more sophisticated, citizens will be forced to interact electronically with the government on a larger scale. This could potentially lead to a lack of cover for civilians as their government obtains more and more information on the m. In a worse case scenario, with so much information being passed electronically between government and civilians, a totalitarian-like system could develop. When the government has behind access to countless information on its citizens, personal privacy is lost. appealAlthough a prodigious amount of money has been spent on the study and implementation of e-government, some say it has yielded only a mediocre product. The outcomes and effect of trial Internet-based governments are much difficult to gauge or unsatisfactory. wishing of secrecyAlthough internet-based governmental programs have been criticized for lack of reliable privacy policies, studies have shown that people value pursuit of offenders over personal confidentiality. Ninety portion of United States adults approve of Internet tracking systems of criminals, and fifty-seven percent are willing to forgo some of their personal internet privacy if it leads to the prosecution of criminals or terrorists.InaccessibilityAn e-government site that provides web access and support often does not offer the potential to reach many users including those who live in remote areas, are homebound, have low literacy levels, exist on poorness line incomes, suffer from chronic illness, and are single parents or old adults.False sense of transparency and accountabilityOpponents of e-government argue that online governmental transparency is dubious because it is maintained by the governments themselves. Information can be added or removed from the public eye (i.e. the Internet) with or without public notice.For example, after the solid ground Trade Center in New York City was attacked on folk 11, 2001, United States federal officials removed a large amount of government information from its websites in the name of national security. This act went relatively forgotten by United States citizens. To this day, very fewConclusionIn oddment we see that this E-Government model of public service delivery is very impor tant, adopted by government of South Africa.This model has advantages as well as disadvantages. This model has advantages of equally information provision, quality services, efficiency in public services delivery etc. but it has also some drawbacks such(prenominal) lack of secrecy, and so many other factors which may harmful for government through this system.The use of e-government as a service delivery enabler will definitely support governments service improvement philosophy of Batho Pele, thus putting people first.Now a days technology has become the every thing very easier, more informative, efficiency and cost effective. Through this model of ICT can put people first, but only if the use of ICT is support by the underlying business processes. For e government to be effective, all e-government initiatives in South Africa should be integrated. E-government will only truly be effective if it is managed from a single portfolio in government, and not from silos within each governm ent department. Many other countries have adopted this model such as United States. But level of applying this model may vary. It means some are applying higher level and some countries are applying less level of E-Government.In United States E-government model was used The United States Government under the BushAdministration has created a separate portfolio that manages the implementation of e-government. The spatial relation of Management and Budget (OMB) is developing what it calls the Federal Enterprise Architecture that will manage the way in which the United States Government does business and in particular through the use of e-government(US Office of Management and Budget, 2007) slow progress in implementing a single portal forGovernment services.It is clear from the case study that South Africa needs a portfolio within its government that drives the implementation of e-government.This will include policy, legislation and implementation standards. This is where the Office of the Government antique Information Officer (OGCIO) also plays a role to smooth the progress of the use of ICT in Government.ComponentsIt consists of three components, namelyICT Programme ManagementGovernment Chief Operations Officer andE-Government Architecture and Integration.The case study was focused on only one area of e-governmentwithin the public service of South Africa, namely the discussion section of Social Development and its service delivery component, the South African Social Security Agency. Similarly there is need to through with(p) this in the other departments of Government of public service delivery. Which are ineffective as compared to others? And ensure that the use of ICT is effective at all government departments. It is proposed that there is need to be studied at departments that come under the lack of service delivery similar studies should be done with separate departments to ensure that the use of ICT is effective at all government departments, such as theDepartment of Home Affairs (ID book and passport applications)Department of Transport (license applications and vehicle registrations)South African Revenue services (tax returns)References-E-Government Public Service Delivery Enabling ICT to put People First A Case Study from South Africa. By Wikus VISSER and Hossana TWINOMURINZI