The Potato And Its Societal Effects Essay -- Essays Papers

The Potato And Its Societal Effects The potato had a great effect in Europe during the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. The potato was a part of the Agricultural Revolution that took place during this time. The Agricultural Revolution not only had a great impact on agriculture, but society as well. This revolution caused an increase in population. J.G. Hawkes, author of The Potato: Evolution, Biodiversity, and Genetic Resources, notes that the "potato [was] brought to Spain about 1570 by Spanish explorers who discovered it in South America. The potato was grown in the country of Chile. Hawkes also asserts that the potato was most likely brought to England around 1590. However, Redcliffe Salaman, author of The History and Social Influence of the Potato, explains that "the potato was a luxury food in England until the middle of the seventeenth century" (445). The potato helped to revolutionize society. During the eighteenth century the working class of England could not afford bread. Bread prices rose dramatically, but workers wages remained low. This caused a great deal of disease and malnutrition within the working class in England. Salaman notes that "the potato was mainly responsible for remedying this condition amongst the working classes of the country" (435). The potato was used as a substitute for bread because there was a shortage of wheat. The potato helped England to survive a shortage of wheat and bread. The Western Heritage Brief Edition textbook explains that with the potato, "a single acre of land could produce enough potatoes to feed a peasant family for an entire year" (381-82). Salaman offered the evidence of esteemed economist Adam Smith who said, "one acre land under potatoes would yield... ... it was and could not afford food. Potatoes had been the primary source of food for seventy percent of the Irish people. This Famine changed Ireland socially and culturally in many ways. Works Cited - Food and Drink in History: Selections from the Annales. Vol. 5. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1979. 5 vols. - Hawkes, J.G. The Potato: Evolution, Biodiversity, and Genetic Resources. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institute Press, 1990.. - Salaman, Redcliffe. The History and Social Influence of the Potato. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. - Szabo, Liz. "Interpreting the Irish Famine, 1846-1850." Liz Szabo’s Home Page. http://avery.med.virginia.edu/~eas5e/Irish/Famine.html (25 March 1998). - The Western Heritage Brief Edition. Vol. 2. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1996. 2 vols.

Explore the theme of loneliness in of mice and men Essay

Whilst reading the novel, ‘Of Mice and Men’ it becomes apparent that loneliness, is one of the main themes that is carried throughout the book. This theme is symbolised in almost every character, each expressing loneliness in their own way. From Crooks, the misunderstood black man who wasn’t always discriminated against; Curley’s Wife, the only woman on the ranch who had dreams of being something much bigger, to the leading characters George and Lennie. Whether they are mentally alone or whether they have a fear of being alone, they all express loneliness. We are first introduced to the theme of loneliness when George is talking to Lennie about life on a ranch and how men on a ranch live compared to how they live, saying â€Å"Guys like us that work on ranches are the loneliest guys in the world. They got no family. They don’t belong no place†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..With us it ain’t like that. We got a future. We got somebody to talk to that gives a damn about us† Lennie eagerly finishes George’s description of them saying â€Å"But not us! An’ why? Because†¦ I got you to look after me and you got me to look after me† From this conversation alone it is obvious to us that George and Lennie are on completely different wavelengths intellectually, Lennie being extremely childlike, thinking and speaking like a toddler would, and George being a father-like figure, getting frustrated when Lennie doesn’t understand him, or when he doesn’t remember something he’s been told, as Lennie pointed out, physically, they are not alone, physically, they do have each other and although Lennie isn’t intellectually able enough to understand, mentally, George is alone, travelling and holding conversations with a man who has the mental ability of a 3 year old would not be enough to take away the feeling of loneliness. Although Lennie isn’t alone, he has a subconscious fear of being alone, of being abandoned by George, and like most children, he has a constant urge to have a companion, a pet, so that even when he is ‘alone’ he has something with him, this is shown through his constant petting of animals, dead, or alive â€Å"Jus’ a dead mouse, George†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ I could pet it with my thumb while we walked along† the fact that Lennie subconsciously fears being alone becomes very apparent when Crooks suggests that George may not come back, Lennie becomes very aggressive, very quickly â€Å"S’pose he gets killed or hurt so he can’t come back† Like an animal, his fear turns to anger and he moves to attack ‘He stood up and walked  dangerously towards Crooks. â€Å"Who hurt George?† he demanded’ his fear of being without George is his fear of being alone. While Lennie is with Crooks, Crooks is heard saying â€Å"S’pose you couldn’t go into the bunk house and play rummy ‘cause you was black. How’d you like that?† This connects to an earlier quote in the book, saying that in Crooks’ room, there were a pair of ‘large, gold-rimmed spectacles’ and Crooks’ mentions to Lennie that his father owned a ranch and â€Å"the white kids came to play at our place, an’ sometimes I went to play with them, and some of them was pretty nice† this shows us that Crooks’ wasn’t always discriminated against, he wasn’t always alone, in a lot of ways its worse for Crooks’ than a lot of other black men, because he isn’t so used to it, he knows what it’s like not to be alone, whereas most black men have never known anything else, Crooksà ¢â‚¬â„¢ also speaks out about his loneliness to Lennie saying â€Å"Books ain’t no good. A guy needs somebody-to be near him. A guy goes nuts if he ain’t got nobody. Don’t make no difference who the guy is, long’s he’s with you. I tell ya, I tell ya a guy gets too lonely an’ he gets sick† Crooks’ has a loneliness which is never-ending, he can’t change it. Curley’s wife is the only woman on the ranch and the only female woman in the book. Curley is possessive of her, he makes out that she belongs to him and that no one else can have her, that no one else can talk to her. Curley wants the other men on the ranch to know that they can’t communicate with her, he is threatening towards the men about his wife constantly being suspicious of them demanding they tell him where she is even if they don’t know, he worries about her being unfaithful, so gets very aggressive when he thinks she has given anyone ‘the eye’ and it can often lead to fights due to his hot-tempered personality, at one point, he thinks Lennie is laughing at the fact that he can’t find his wife and that is when a fight between them occurs, this makes the men wary of talking to her, or even, being near her. Curley doesn’t like her communicating with the other men, so she has no one to talk to. At one point when talking to Lennie she is heard saying â€Å"I never get to talk to nobody. I get awful lonely’. Because she is lonely, she always seeks attention, and the only way she knows how to get attention is through her looks. Her over-the top appearance only highlights her desperation to be noticed by someone, anyone. The only people she ever see’s refuse to talk to her because they think she’s a ‘tart’ and they see her as ‘jailbait’, they refuse to communicate  with her because they don’t want to start anything with Curley. Curleys wife’s obliviousness to what the men think of her only becomes obvious when she’s talking to Lennie, she questions him â€Å"What’s the matter with me? Ain’t I got a right to talk to nobody? Whatta they think I am, anyways?† She is oblivious to that fact that, the more she tries to get noticed the more the men on the ranch will steer clear from her. Overall, I think the loneliest character in the novel would be George, because, not only does he end up physically alone, but, throughout the book he is always alone, whether there are people around or not, he is mentally alone and with Lennie to look after and look out for he must be mentally exhausted after just one conversation with Lennie, his patience and obvious love for Lennie, is in the end the reason he is completely alone, without Lennie, without anyone, from the beginning of the book. George had loneliness coming towards him, whether he knew it or not, he was bound to end up alone, the life he claimed he ‘wanted’ the life that he said would be so much ‘easier’ a life without Lennie, by the end of the book, George is one of those men that work on a ranch, by the end of the novel George is one of the ‘loneliest guys in the world’

Becoming a Physicist - 837 Words

In the present, science has grown to become a great role in our lives. We can attribute many ordinary things in life that we know now to science. Physicists are the ones that study the structure of matter, space and time. An example of a physicist would be Einstein, or Newton. This paper will discuss the education necessary to become a physicist, the skills that physicists need, and the earnings, as well as the benefits/risks of the job. The education of a physicist starts young. At any age, one requires creativity and curiosity devoted to their pathway. From there, Dr. Michio Kaku states the physical learning begins. In high school, he thinks the best opportunities lie in physics books and science fair projects. (1) These practices introduce you to basic physics. If needed, an interview with a physicist can help devote your passion to the job. A basic math knowledge is required so Calculus and other math classes will aid the journey. Also, good grades throughout the four years in high school as well as high SAT scores helps for admission into the best schools. In college, the best option is to stay all four years. In sophomore year, students typically have to choose a major to focus on, and that’s when aspiring â€Å"physics majors should begin to think about doing (a) experimental physics or (b) theoretical physics and choosing a specific field† (â€Å"Kaku 1†). After that, it will take at leas t a Bachelor’s degree to become a physicist. Getting a Bachelor’s degree takes about 4Show MoreRelatedThe Education and Skills Needed to Become a Physicist Essay920 Words   |  4 Pagesattribute many ordinary things in life that we know and understand now to science. Physicists are the ones who study the structure of matter, space and time. An example of a physicist would be Einstein or Newton. This paper will discuss the education necessary to become a physicist, the skills that physicists need, the earnings and the benefits/risks of the job, and my qualifications. The education of a physicist start can start at any age, though it focuses primarily in high school and up. All thatRead MoreEssay about Edward Wittens Work Led to a Revolution721 Words   |  3 PagesWitten was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He is the son of Lorraine (Wollach) Witten and Louis Witten, a theoretical physicist specializing in gravitation and general relativity.[3] Witten attended the Park School of Baltimore (class of 68), and received his Bachelor of Arts with a major in history and minor in linguistics from Brandeis University in 1971. He published articles in The New Republic and The Nation. In 1968, Witten published an article in The Nation arguing that the New Left had no strategyRead MoreFilm Review: Mindwalk Essay1238 Words   |  5 PagesFilm Review: Mindwalk If a good movie is one that makes you think, Mindwalk must be superb. However, I havent even read the book it was based on and I can say that the book must have been better. The actors are laughable, and the physicists accent changes with each new scene. Furthermore, the transitions to each scene are as smooth as sandpaper. The purpose of this movie wasnt, and with good reason, to be glamorous though. As many of our Hollywood movies are. The fast action, sex, bloodRead MoreHe Was Subsequently Denied From All Academic Positions1498 Words   |  6 Pagestheory to was conversations he had with a friend named Besso.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The physics community wasn’t welcoming to Einstein s new theory and for a while his papers were ignored to never be picked up again until they received the attention of one physicist. This physicist was Max Planck who was the founder of the quantum theory, proved Einstein s theories to be correct and he was invited to lecture at international meetings. Through these meetings Einstein’s fame began to spread and he was being offered positionsRead MoreThe Greatest Scientific Geniuses Of Albert Einstein972 Words   |  4 Pageshink of Albert Einstein, I picture the famous photo of a man with messy, gray hair sticking his tongue out at the photographers. He is not only famous by his image, but also known as the most famous physicist and one of the greatest scientific geniuses of all time. Albert Einstein was too genius, and his geniuses actually made it difficult for us to learn his political views. He was pacifist. 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This lead to future findings that in fact it was theRead MoreThe Physics Of Albert Einstein1284 Words   |  6 PagesRobbie Patio BIO 101 Professor Dartley 4/16/15 Albert Einstein Most people know who Albert Einstein is and how great of a physicist he was, yet many aren’t aware that Albert Einstein had not even finished high school! Most would think that a person who doesn’t complete high school is dumb, and lazy. The fact is, Einstein did not complete high school, not because he was dumb or lazy. At the age of 15, he quit high school because he did not agree with the way the teachers taught. He thought that theRead MoreCareer And College Research Paper Essay1484 Words   |  6 Pagesnot interfere with their observations (â€Å"Occupational Outlook Handbook - Physicists and Astronomers†). Anyone who is interested in astronomy should know that astronomers have to visit observatories a few times a year so they can get more precise information on what they are observing. Astronomers and physicists do similar things when it comes to the work that is involved their jobs. Most astronomers work alongside physicists, engineers, technicians, and other scientists on a research team. AstronomersRead MoreNuclear Energy And Nuclear Power1705 Words   |  7 PagesNew energy sources are invested in every year to produce heat and electricity for the citizens of the United States. However, nuclear power is becoming a much more urgent discussion topic. Nuclear power, or the use of nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity, contributes to nearly 20% of the electricity generated and used in America. According to the Department of Energy, the United States has invested 60 years of their time into nuclear power! But why have we done so? Well, the productionRead MoreNewtons Negative Neglect1034 Words   |  5 Pagesin life and still be an enormous success. The majority of individuals would have cracked under the predicaments Newton faced. Newton overcame neg lect by suppressing his emotions, defeating limitations of his time, and becoming one of the most noteworthy mathematicians and physicists in history. Isaac Newton had a tragic and unfortunate life ever since he was born. Three months prior to Newton’s birth, his father died. Then, when Newton was three years old, his mother left him with her parents in

Causeway - Ancient Man-Made Ritual and Functional Roads

A causeway is a human-constructed functional and/or ceremonial roadway or a set of roadway fragments. In ancient history they are made of earthen or rock structures that typically—but not always—bridged a waterway. Causeways may have been constructed to cross defensive structures, such as moats; irrigation structures, such as canals; or natural wetlands, such as marshes or fens. They often have a ceremonial element to them and their ritual significance can include symbolic passages between the mundane and the sacred, between life and death. Key Takeaways: Causeways Causeways are early types of human-made roads which have practical and ritual functions.The oldest causeways are about 5,500 years old, built to cross ditches and provide access to peat bogs.The Maya people created causeways up to 65 miles in length, crossing miles of forests in a nearly straight line. Causeways are remarkably different in function. Some (like those of the classic Maya) were almost certainly used for parades for diplomatic visits between communities; others such as the 14th-century Swahili coast were used as shipping lanes and ownership markers; or, in the European Neolithic, as trackways assisting navigation through uncertain landscapes. Some causeways are elaborate structures, elevated several feet about the ground such as at Angkor civilization; others are built of planks that bridge peat bogs, those of the Irish bronze age. But all of them are human-constructed roadways  and have some foundation in the history of transportation networks. Earliest Causeways The earliest known causeways are Neolithic bridges, constructed in Europe and dated between 3700 and 3000 BCE. Many Neolithic enclosed settlements had defensive elements, and some had concentric ditches or moats, generally with one or two at most bridges with which to cross. In some special cases, more causeways were built across the ditches then seems necessary, usually at the four cardinal points, allowing people to cross into the interiors from several directions at once. Since such configurations would not be easily defended, enclosed settlements with multiple causeway entrances are considered likely to have had a ceremonial or at least a shared communal aspect. Sarup, a Funnel Beaker site in Denmark occupied between 3400–3200 BC, had a ditch that encircled an area of about 21 acres (8.5 hectares), with several causeways which allow people to cross the ditches. Bronze Age Causeways Bronze Age causeways in Ireland (called tochar, dochair, or togher) are trackways which were built to allow access across and into peat bogs where peat might be cut for fuel. They varied in size and construction material—some were built as a line of planks laid end to end, flanked on each side by two round timbers; others were made of flat stones and gravel laid on a foundation of brushwood. The earliest of these date to about 3400 BCE. Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom pyramids in Egypt often were constructed with causeways connecting the various temples. These causeways were explicitly symbolic—there was no obstacle to be crossed—representing a route that people could use to travel from the Black Land (the land of the living and a place of order) to the Red Land (a place of chaos and the realm of the dead). Beginning in the Old Kingdoms 5th Dynasty, pyramids were built with an orientation following the daily course of the sun across the sky. The oldest causeway at Saqqara was paved with black basalt; by the time of Khufus rule, causeways were roofed and the internal walls were decorated in fine relief, frescos that depicted pyramid construction, agricultural scenes, craftsmen at work and themes of battles between Egyptians and their foreign enemies, and the pharaoh in the presence of gods. Classic Period Maya (600–900 CE) The sacbe (white lane) that leads to the Palacio, Labna, Puuc, Yucatan, Mexico. Mayan civilisation, 7th-10th century. De Agostini / Archivio J. Lange / Getty Causeways were a particularly important form of connection in lowland areas in North America such as those settled by the Maya civilization. There, causeways (known as sacbeob, singular sacbe, connected Maya cities for distances up to about 63 miles (100 kilometers) such as the Late Classic Yaxuna-Coba sacbe. Maya causeways were sometimes built from the bedrock up and can rise as high as 10 feet (3 meters; their widths range from 8 to 40 ft (2.5 to 12 m ), and they connect major Maya city-states. Others are barely above ground level; some cross wetlands and have bridges constructed to cross streams, but others are clearly only ceremonial. Medieval Period: Angkor and the Swahili Coast Short round pillars support the causeway leading to the Baphuon, in Siem Reap, Cambodia. Jeremy Villasis, Philippines / Moment / Getty Images At several sites of the Angkor civilization (9th–13th centuries CE), elevated causeways were constructed as later additions to the immense temples by king Jayavarman VIII (1243–1395). These causeways, perched above the ground atop a series of short columns, provided walkways connecting the major buildings of the temple complexes. They represent only one part of the enormous Khmer road system, a network of canals, pathways and roads which kept the Angkor capital cities in communication. During the height of the Swahili coast trading communities on the east coast of Africa (13th–15th centuries CE), numerous causeways were constructed out of blocks of reef and fossil corals along 75 mi (120 km) of coastline. These causeways were pathways, elevated just above sea level, that extended out perpendicularly from the coast into lagoons at Kilwa Kisiwani Harbor, ending in circular platforms at the seaward side. The fishermen today call them Arab Roads, which is a reference to the oral history which credits the founding of Kilwa to the Arabs, but like Kilwa itself the causeways are known to have been African constructions, built as navigational aids for ships plying the trade route in the 14th-15th centuries and complementing the Swahili urban architecture. These causeways are built of cemented and uncemented reef coral, up to 650 ft (200 m) long, 23–40 ft (7–12 m) wide and built up above the seafloor up to 2.6 ft. (8 m) high. Selected Sources Abdallatif, T., et al. Discovery of the Causeway and the Mortuary Temple of the Pyramid of Amenemhat Ii Using near-Surface Magnetic Investigation, Dahshour, Giza, Egypt. Geophysical Prospecting 58.2 (2010): 307-20. Print.Abramiuk, Marc A. The Discovery of an Ancient Maya Causeway System in the Southern Maya Mountains of Belize. Antiquity 91.357 (2017): e9. Print.Chase, Arlen F., and Diane Z. Chase. The Ancient Maya City: Anthropogenic Landscapes, Settlement Archaeology, and Caracol, Belize. Belize: Institute of Archaeology, NICH, 2016. Print.Chinchilla Mazariegos, Oswaldo Technologies of Urbanism in Mesoamerica: The Pre-Columbian Bridges of Cotzumalhuapa, Guatemala. Antiquity 92.362 (2018): 456-71. Print.Pollard, Edward. Safeguarding Swahili Trade in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries: A Unique Navigational Complex in South-East Tanzania. World Archaeology 43.3 (2011): 458-77. Print.Uchida, E., et al. A Reconsideration of the Construction Period of the Cruciform Terraces and the Elevated Causeways in the Angkor Monuments, Based on the Magnetic Susceptibility of the Sandstone Blocks. Archaeometry 55.6 (2013): 1034-47. Print.

Personal Experience Completing the Medication Management

Within my practice area we currently have one resident who is prescribed daily insulin injections. Our student nurse was in the process of completing her Medication Management OSCE and had never experienced administering insulin. During the learning experience planning (RCN, 2008) the student nurse and I discussed the importance of best practice in relation to the administration of insulin. Insulin is described as being a ‘high alert medication’ as, if administered incorrectly, serious harm can occur. (NPSA, 2010). The student nurse did have previous experience in injection technique and had undertaken related university clinical skills sessions. In order to facilitate an evidence based skills acquisition session I obtained relevant literature, including guidelines, theory and visual aids. I utilised a visual aid in the form of a poster to support the student to develop knowledge around subcutaneous insulin injection technique, selection of injection site and correct pro cedure for injection site rotation (Becton, Dickinson and Company, 2010). I used Peyton’s (1998) four step approach to deliver the teaching session and demonstrated best practice technique as per RCN (2012) guidance. The student nurse was advised to always ensure that once the insulin device is fully depressed the needle should remain in situ for uto ten seconds to avoid insulin leakage (Annerston and Frid 2000, RCN 2012). I involved the student the finding and utilisation of appropriate evidence basedShow MoreRelatedNursing Journal Entry Essays1015 Words   |  5 PagesThe second week of my preceptorship brought many new experiences for me, and I can honestly say that each day I spend with my preceptor is better than the last. 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Australian Corporate Law Understanding Law

Question: Describe about the Australian Corporate Law for Understanding Law. Answer: Issue: The legal issue that arises in this question is if Bob will be able to escape the provisions of Scallop Fishing and Marketing Act if he forms a company. According to this legislation, a quota system has been prescribed and under this system, a person can catch 50 tons of scallops in a single year. On the other hand, Bob's daughter Alice states that if Bob forms a company, he will be able to double his catch as a company is considered as a distinct legal entity that is separate from its members. Relevant law: the relevant legal provision in this regard is the doctrine of separate identity of a corporation. This norm has been provided by the court in the decision given in Salomon v Salomon.[1] In this case, the court came up with the principle that is known as the veil of incorporation. Generally the courts consider that they are bound by this principle. As a result of this principle, it is considered that a fictional veil is present between the members of the company and the company itself.[2] Or in other words, a corporation enjoys a corporate personality that is unique from its members. However there can be certain cases where this corporate veil may be lifted by the courts or the veil may be ignored to impose liability on a person behind the veil or to reveal the real form of the corporation concerned. The rationale that is present behind the notion of piercing the corporate veil is that the law will not allow the persons to misuse or abuse the corporate veil.[3] Therefor e if under the circumstances of a case, the court feels that certain persons are misusing the corporate form, it is available to the court to rip apart the veil and expose the real nature of the company. Therefore in such a case, the court may disregard the principle that has been established in Salomon's case by the House of Lords. Therefore, as mentioned above, the corporations law provides that a legal entity comes into existence on the day of the registration of a company. However, in some cases it is available to the court that this veil of incorporation may be ripped apart and can impose liability on the person behind this veil of incorporation. Therefore in this case, the law allows the court to ignore the legal fiction of the distinct identity of a corporation.[4] This is known as lifting the corporate veil by the court. In this case, the circumstances have been described where the court may decide that the distinct identity of the corporation needs to be ignored and the court should look at the real character of the corporation. The result is that when the court has decided to impale the corporate veil, it has the choice to look beyond the structure of the company for the purpose of imposing rights or duties on the members of the company even if in such a case, if the norm provided in Salmon's case is s trictly applied, the right or the liability cannot be enforced by the court against these members and only the company can be held liable. Therefore when the court has decided that the corporate veil needs to be lifted, the court can ignore the veil and impose the liabilities of the company on the members who have formed the company. But the courts are allowed to do so only under very exceptional circumstances. The result is that still the general rule that is applicable in such cases that the liabilities of the corporation can be imposed only is the corporation and not against its members. Argument on facts: when the relevant legal provisions that have been mentioned above are applied to the facts of this case, it appears that in this case also, the Scallop Fishing and Marketing Act as clearly provided that each person is allowed to catch only 50 tons of scallops per year. But in this case, Bob Beech wants to know if he can escape the application of this legislative provision. For this purpose, his daughter Alice advises him that if he forms a company, he will be in a position to double his catch. The reason is that a company is considered as a distinct legal entity in the eyes of law. Therefore, Alice believes that Bob and the company formed by him will be treated as two persons and they can catch double the quota of scallops. Conclusion: But in this case, Bob's daughter Alice had ignored the fact that if it becomes clear that a company has been formed only for the purpose of evading the liability of its members, the court may rip apart the corporate veil and impose liability on the members of such a corporation. Therefore in the present is also, if it becomes known that the company has been formed by Bob only with a view to escape your application of the Scallop Fishing and Marketing Act, the court may pierce the veil and won't Bob liable for the breach of the provisions of this legislation. As a result it is clear that Bob cannot double the scallops caught by him even if he incorporates a company. 2. Issue: the issue that needs to be decided in this question is if the liability of Nuclear Blast Sounds Pty Ltd can be imposed against its parent company, New Nirvana Ltd. Nuclear Blast Sounds is one of the several subsidiary companies that have been created by New Nirvana for the purpose of establishing its rock concerts. In this regard, Nuclear Blast Sounds as the responsibility to set the sound at the concerts of New Nirvana. However in this case, due to the negligence of Nuclear Blast Sounds, the sound level was set too high and the result was that some members of the audience suffered hearing loss permanently. When these audience members decided to bring a claim against Nuclear Blast Sounds, they came to know that this company does not have the funds to pay the likely damages and in the same way, it does not have any negligence insurance. The result was that these audience members want to know if they can bring a claim against the parent company, New Nirvana as it is in a posi tion to pay the likely damages. Relevant law: According to the corporations law, it is considered that in case of a group of companies, each company has its own distinct identity. At the same time, there is a corporate veil that separates the company and the members of the company. The principle regarding the company being a separate entity was provided in Salmon's case. However, under certain circumstances, it is available to the court to disregard the company as a separate entity and therefore the court may impale the corporate veil.[5] When a group of companies is involved, sometimes it may be decided by the court that the corporate veil needs to be impaled for considering the economic realities that were related with the group of companies.[6] An example in this regard can be given of the case titled D.H.N. food products Ltd. V. Tower Hamlets.[7] Therefore the Court has stated in this case that the separate legal identity of a corporation can be ignored by the courts if under the circumstances, doing so will be just and equitable. In this case, it was the opinion of the court that the corporate veil needs to be impaled regarding a group of companies. The result was that the court arrived at the conclusion that three subsidiary companies of the group were in fact the same economic entity and the result was that the court stated these companies to be entitled to compensation. The general rule that applies in such cases is that when a group of companies is involved, each company of the group needs to be treated as having its own distinct legal identity. But there can be certain cases where the court may decide that they will not be afraid of gays to impale the corporate veil. A similar example was seen in Adams v Cape Industries.[8] The issue in this case deals with the application of a foreign judgment against the company. However while arriving at its decision in the case, the court was of the opinion that each company, forming a part of the group needs to be treated as having its own distinct identity. Therefore, the decision of the court was that when a group of companies is involved, the general principle will be that each company, forming a part of such group should be considered as a distinct entity. However, under the circumstances mentioned above, in some cases the court may arrive at the decision that the general principle should be disregarded a nd the corporate veil needs to be impaled so that the liabilities of the subsidiary company may be imposed on its parent company. Application of the law: In this case, Nuclear Blast Sounds does not have the funds that may be required to pay the likely damages to the audience members and at the same time, this company does not have negligence insurance. Under these circumstances, the audience members who have suffered hearing loss want to bring a claim against the parent company of Nuclear Blast Sounds, New Nirvana Ltd. Conclusion: However this can be allowed only if these audience members can establish that New Nirvana Ltd. has complete control over the activities of Nuclear Blast Sounds and as a result, the corporate veil needs to be impaled and the liabilities of the subsidiary company needs to be imposed on New Nirvana Ltd. 3. Issue: There are two issues that need to be decided in this question. First of all, it has to be seen if the clause mentioned in the constitution of Millennium Pty Ltd can be enforced by Don in his position as the company's solicitor. At the same time, it also needs to be seen if the cause is unforeseeable which provides that whenever a dispute may arise between the company and its members, such dispute should be taken before an arbitrator before starting legal proceedings. Relevant law: the relevant provision in this regard section 140 of the Corporations Act, 2001. This section provides that the company's constitution needs to be considered as a contract that has been concluded between the corporation and its members; the corporation and its directors or a contract between individual members of the corporation. But in this regard it is to be mentioned that the contractual effect of the companies constitution is only restricted to these situations. The relevant case that can be applied on the above-mentioned facts is that of Eley v Positive Life Assurance Co Ltd.[9] In this case, Eley was acting as company's solicitor and it was mentioned in the articles of the company that he will remain the company's solicitor for a lifetime. Later on, he also became a member of the company. But after some time, the company decided to remove him from his position as the company's solicitor. As a result, he started legal proceedings for the breach of contract. However the court did not agree with the submissions of Eley. The code was of the opinion that the contractual effect of articles was limited to Eley's position as a member of the company. Therefore, he cannot enforce this right as the company's solicitor. Another case that deals with the second issue in this question is Hickman v Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep-breeders Association.[10] In this case, the companies constitution provided that if there was a dispute among the company and members, before starting any legal proceedings, such dispute should be taken to an arbitrator. But in this case, Hickman started legal proceedings in a court directly without taking the dispute before an arbitrator first of all. The result was that the court stated that because of the constitution can be enforced by the company against its members. Consequently, the proceedings in the court were stayed. Application: in the present case also, Don is willing to enforce a clause of the constitution of Millennium Pty Ltd not in his capacity as the company's member but as its solicitor. Therefore in this case, he cannot be allowed to do so. On the other hand, the clause which provides that a dispute should be referred to an arbitrator, is legally enforceable. Hence the company can prevent Don from taking recourse to legal action without referring to this due to an arbitrator first of all. Conclusion: Don cannot enforce the clause of the Constitution according to which he was to act as the company's solicitor for all the transactions of the company. But the company can enforce the clause which provides that a dispute has to be taken to an arbitrator before starting legal proceedings. References Harris, J. Hargovan, A. Adams, M. 2015, Australian Corporate Law LexisNexis Butterworths 5th edition Latimer, P, 2016, Australian Business Law CC, Edition Lipton P, Herzberg A and Welsh, M, 2016, Understanding Company Law, 18th edition, Thomson Reuters Parker, G. and Sangkuhl W., 2015, Understanding Business Law 7th ed LexisNexis Butterworths Stephen Graw, 2011, An Introduction to the Law of Contract, 7th Ed., Thomson Reuters. Vermeesch,R B, Lindgren, K E, 2011, Business Law of AustraliaButterworths, 12th Edition Case Law Adams v Cape Industries plc [1990] Ch 433 DHN Food Distributors Ltd v Tower Hamlets London Borough Council [1976] 1 WLR 852 Eley v Positive Life Assurance Co Ltd [1876] 1 Ex D 88 Hickman v Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep-breeders Association [1915] 1 Ch D 881 Salomon v Salomon Co [1897] AC 22

Organ Donation Essay Paper Example For Students

Organ Donation Essay Paper In March of 1999, I was given a gift from a person I never knew; a person Ill never get to know. This gift cost the person who gave it to me, no money, but it was the most valuable gift Ill ever receive. The gift was a piece of life from another person. At the age of twenty-four, I broke my hip. After three unsuccessful surgical attempts to heal it, my doctors performed a total hip replacement. The top four inches of my femur were sawed off, and the inside of my bone was hollowed out. A steel rod, nine inches long, was pressed fit into my bone. I was on crutches for over a year, but I really believed I would be able to walk on my own again. Less than one year after the surgery, I was back on crutches and in terrible pain. I had developed stress fractures in several places along my femur. For nearly one year I walked only when it was necessary and ate painkillers as though they were candy. Finally, my doctors decided to try something new. On March 9, 1999, my doctors took a rib bone, donated from a cadaver, split it in half, and wired it around my broken femur. Less than two months later, I was off crutches and walking normally for the first time in almost five years. I could actually enjoy life. I was lucky. I wasnt going to die if I had no donor, donated bone is easier to acquire that a heart, lung or kidney. Other people are not as lucky. Patients waiting for one of those life-sustaining organs must rely on the generosity of others, and the misfortune of that generous person. Someone must die, in order for that person to live. No one likes to talk about death, but lets face it, we all die. Dying is a part of life. Many people dont talk about organ donation because it involves talking about death. But, what if, from our death, we could give another person a chance to live, or merely improve the quality of his or her life?As of September 1999, over 65,000 people wait, with their name on a list, for a life saving organ. Only a fraction of those will live long enough to receive that organ. Many people are not aware of what it actually means to be an organ donor. An organ donor is someone who has previously consented to donate his or her organs after death. Organ donations are usually taken from victims of motor vehicle accidents, gun shot wounds, strokes or major head injury. Organs that can be donated are heart, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas and intestines, also tissues such as skin, bone, and ligaments can be donated. According to the Center for Organ Recovery and Education (CORE), between 10,000 and 12,000 people die annually who are considered medically suitable for organ donations, yet, only an estimated 5,200 donate(www.core.org 11 Nov 99). One of the most common reasons for objecting to organ donation is a belief that doctors will not try to save ones life if they are aware he or she is an organ donor. The only way to completely convince someone that this would never happen is to explain the whole process of organ donation. First, and most important, if a person is dead, he or she can not be an organ donor. If someone dies outside the hospital setting or in the emergency room of a cardiac death, he would be able to donate tissues and corneas, not organs(www.core.org 11 Nov 99). Organ donations are taken from people who have been pronounced brain dead. Extensive tests are done on the donor to determine that the brain has stopped working. Lifesaving measures are taking place continuously throughout. When brain death occurs, blood is no longer flowing to the brain. The brain has ceased functioning. The victim can not breathe on his own. When a person suffers from a brain injury, the brain swells and creates pressure. Sometimes this pressure is so great it prevents blood flow to the brain, the result being brain death. After brain death is determined the potential donor is sent to intensive care. Doctors notify the family of the potential donor and obtain consent for organ donation. At this point the patien t is still, essentially alive, only being kept this way by machinery. However, his brain is no longer functioning. The doctors who are taking care of him are entirely separate from the doctors who will handle the donation procedure. .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46 , .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46 .postImageUrl , .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46 , .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46:hover , .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46:visited , .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46:active { border:0!important; } .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46:active , .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46 .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Case Creve Couer Pizza, Inc EssayAccording to Dr. Punch, In reality, you must be more dead to be brain dead than is necessary to be declared dead. As weird as this sounds, you officially dead when a licensed physician declares you deadyou are brain dead when a complex set of conditions are satisfied that vary from state to state and hospital to hospital (www.transweb.org 07 Nov 99). When consent is given the potential donors vital information is put into a computer and matches are printed out for recipients in that area. Time is critical. Organs can only be out of the body for a certain amount of time. Once the organs are harvested from the donor, they are packed in ice and transported to the transplant location, by the quickest means possible. Again, only 10,000 to 12,000 people die each year in a way that enables them to become organ donors, one can understand the urgency of pre-consenting to organ donation. Another common objection to organ donation is ones religious beliefs. However, according to CORE, Major organized religions support donation, typically considering it a generous act(www.core.org 11 Nov 99). Many people have expressed feelings that well connected people, or wealthy people receive organs for transplant quicker than others do, for example, Mickey Mantle receiving a liver. Many people stated it was because he was famous. However, Dr. Punch states, There is absolutely no evidence that he was not the most ill person in his region of the country on the day he got his liver transplant(www.transweb.org 07 Nov 99). Organs are matched within regions. When CORE receives information of a potential donor, that persons height, weight and blood type are put into a computer. A list is then printed out of most medically in need of the organ. Sometimes, there is more than one name on that list, then the time ones name has been on the list becomes the determining factor. In essence the organ goes to the sickest patient, if there is more than one, then the one who has been on the list the longest, receives the organ. Concerns about having an open casket funeral if one chooses to donate his or her organs is also a factor in deciding to become an organ donor. Many people fear their bodies will be mutilated in the organ recovery process. CORE states, Donated organs, tissues and eyes are removed surgically, in an operation similar to gall bladder or appendix removal. Normal funeral arrangements are possible(www.core.org 11 Nov 99). Procedures have been developed to make it hard to distinguish if that person was an organ donor. In addition, one can specify which organs or tissues he or she wants to donate with prior consent to organ donation and discussion with family members. For example, if one does not want his whole eye donated, the cornea of the eye can be surgically removed and used for transplant, while the eye itself is left intact. Another common objection to organ donation is the belief that one might be too old for donation. But, organs may be donated from someone as young as newborn, and there are no age limits for organ donation. Along with this, people often believe that they may not be healthy enough to donate. At the time of brain death, complete medical history is taken from the potential donors family. Tests are performed to determine that no damage has been done to vital organs. CORE states, With the exception of AIDS, very few diseases-including diabetes-prevent someone from donating(www.core.org 11 Nov 99). Misconceptions aside, the lack of organ donors is a result of non-communication. If one wishes to be an organ donor, and has signed a donor card, often the consent of his or her family must still be given. Ones family must be aware of his or her wishes about organ donation. Jeffery Prottas states in his book, The Most Useful Gift, Willingness to donate ones own organs is relevant to actual donation, however, only if that decision is communicated to ones family(55). A study done by Prottas and Batten, in 1991, revealed 90% of respondents approve of organ donation, but, only 46% of those have discussed it with their families. And, only 53% would donate the organs of a relative who had not discussed the issue(Prottas 56) Communication is a huge factor in organ donation. Merely signing a donor card is not enough. One must discuss the issue with family members. .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8 , .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8 .postImageUrl , .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8 , .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8:hover , .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8:visited , .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8:active { border:0!important; } .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8:active , .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8 .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Farm Subsidies - A Necessary EssayThe lists of people waiting for donated organs are not getting shorter. New names are added each day. Me must make a decision about organ donation, and make our families aware of our wishes. One organ, tissue and eye donation may help between 200 and 400 people(www.core.org 11 Nov 99). Organ and tissue donation not only saves lives; it greatly improves the quality of some peoples lives. Twelve people on that list will die today. Picture the name of a loved one on that list. Wouldnt you hope and pray, that someone, in his or her death had agreed to donate that heart or liver your loved one needed to continue to live? We may not be able to help today, or tomorrow, but someday, although it may be sad, our death could give another life. BibliographyCenter for Organ Recovery and Education Home Page. General Statistics and Questions. http://www.core.org.html 11 Nov 99. Punch, Jeffery MD. Can well-connected people like Mickey Mantle get transplants faster? http://www.transweb.org/qa 07 Nov 99. Prottas, Jeffery. The Most Useful Gift: Altruism and the Public Policy of Organ Donation and Transplants. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Pub., 1994. Creative Writing