The Rich Keep Getting Richer Essay Example for Free

The Rich Keep Getting Richer EssayRobert B. Reich was born in 1946 and is a Professor, activist, politician, and an author. He graduated from Yale faithfulness School, John F. Kennedy Government School, and was a Rhodes scholar studying at Oxford University. Reich served as secretary of labor in the first Clinton administration and has a reputation of creation a conciliator, who can see opposite sides to every question and solve them (Jacobus, 287). He has written many books, such as the Next American Frontier, model of Nations, and The Wealth of Nations. Robert B. Reich wrote, Why the Rich ar getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer to categorize American operate oners. He divided all barters into three boats routine producers, in person hosts, and symbolic analyst. Reich continues to explain each job and how they are affecting the economic wave. In his essay, Reich use of deductive reasoning and argument proves valid in the sense that the vessels are preventing change among the social order in todays society.The first sinking vessel, routine producers, is the fastest sinking boats because they expression competition from around the globe and from computer robots. gravid companies like ATT used routine producers in the US in the 1980s till they found that in Singapore routine producers would do the same job for a fraction of the price (Reich, 291). They fired the US workers and used Singaporeans untill ATT could find a nonher country willing to pay less.Reichs use of evidence is apparent in the example of ATT. The evidence pertains to profitss and shows that routine producers are easily replaced and adds to Reichs opinions of the boats. Reich also states that Singaporean replaced U.S. ATT workers for a fraction of the cost and will eventually will be replaced by less costly and more productive means, human or otherwise. His logic shows that with each occurrence another will come about. Thus the blood formed by Reich appeals logically to his audience about routine producers.Continuing on, Reich depicts the second fastest sinking boat in personservers. They do not face global competition but compete with machinery and laid off routine producers. This vessel contains people that are paid at minimum wage or slightly above (Reich 296). In-person servers are sheltered from global competition and are generally doing disclose than routine producers. In comparison, they also face competition from labor-saving machinery such as automated tellers, computerized cashiers, and so on.According to Reich the demographics are in their favor because of the rate of growth in the American work great power is slow and the number of elderly that will incr sculptural relief by the 20th century will ensure in person servers a job in catering to their needs.Reich begins with the assumption that that the in-person servers are in better circumstances than the routine producers, yet they also face competition with machines. Though the in-person server i s presented in a lukewarm sentiment, it can be inferred that this boat is not the approximationl one in Reichs opinion. The mediocrity of the in-person server is stabilized by the assumptions made by Reich. He shows that in-person servers will indeed live up to their names by serving the elderly community thus ensuring their enjoyment and m yearning living standard.Though the in-person servers do not face global competition, they face the harsh reality of being replaced by a machine. The idea of a machine replacing a human can draw many emotions. By informing his audience of the this idea, the lack of growth in the work force, and the rising number elderly, he draws appeals on two different emotions fear and reassurance.The rising boat is the Americas symbolic analysts. Worldwide demand for their insights is growing as the ease and speed of communicating them steadily increases. Some are at the bottom barely hanging on others on top are doing so closely they cant keep track of th eir earnings. The other ones in the middle are American scientist and researchers who are selling their research and ideas to global enterprise webs. They are not limited to American workers. For example, if one refuses to pay the asking price, someone else will. As noted, American investment bankers and lawyers specializing in financial circumnavigations are selling their insights toAsians and Europeans who are eager to discover how to make large amounts of money.Almost everyone around the world is buying the skills and insights of Americans who manipulate oral and visual symbols- musicians, sound engineers, film producers, makeup artists, directors, cinematographers, actors and actresses, boxers, writers and designers (Reich 299). The most cardinal reason for this expanding world market and increasing global demand for the symbolic and analytic insights of Americas has been the dramatic improvement in worldwide communication and transportation technologies. Whether in the form or licensing fee, fees for service, salaries, or shares in final profits, the economic result in much the same.Reich uses various examples of symbolic analysts to persuade his audience that this boat is better off than the others, since they use their intellect rather than their labor. The system analyst is always in demand because their thoughts and ways of seeing things are both innovative and unique. He makes the assumption that, unlike the routine producer and the in-person server, the symbolic analyst hopes the power in the sense that they will always be needed. They also hold the power to ask for whatever price they see fit. His logic is evident in that he sees this boat as the only one that is truly rising.In conclusion, Reichs views of the American Economy are valid due to his train of thoughts, evidence, examples and facts presented throughout the essay and various assumptions about the economy today. Social orders always will cost and the degree of success will be determin ed by the where you choose to stand in this order.WORKS CITEDReich, Robert B. Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer. A World Of Ideas, Ed. Lee A. Jacobus. Boston Bedford Books, 1998. 251-275.

A Change of Heart Essay Example for Free

A Change of Heart EssayA Change of Heart I was only fourteen years old. The time had keep abreast for me to make a decision, to choose between two destinies. It was the time for me to decide whether I would maintain the plain look and keep my mom jeans, or whether I would ditch those loser jeans and go with the sleek skinny jeans. Though most people wouldnt consider this a matter worth debating over, it reached the highest of my concerns. Knowing the acquaintance that we live in a judgmental world, a place where people judge based on outward appearance, I went with the choice that was clear I must invest in the skinnies. The mall was the place for a guy exchangeable me to be After me and my brother arrived, we browsed a large variety of pants. Red, yellow, black, and white, the tog stores contained many unique fashions and colors. The prices made everything easy the higher the price, the better the product Due to my brother, who has the fashion sense of a queen, I was bound f or the looks of awesomeness. He would testify me what matches and what does not. I trusted him.After all, it was him that got me interested in this style Now that I have this tremendous change of heart, there aint no going back. Never in a million years would I trade a pair of my tight-around-the-booty jeans for a yucky, bland pair of mom jeans like I used to have. I remain thankful for the fun tradition me and my brother have of broin out together at the mall and movies. The memories and knowledge I have gained goes higher than any mountain Ive ever climbed.

Human impact on coral reefs

Human impact on red chromatic let downsHuman Impact On Coral Reefs In The Last 30 YearsAbstractCoral reefs are the homes that provide shelter for approximately atomic number 53 quarter of exclusively known marine species as well as being the most diverse ecosystems. Coral reefs are vulnerable to even the slightest environmental changes. A review of the literature of the last 30 years shows that the frequency of human activity has intensified to a new level where human actions have extended to the chromatic reefs on a world(prenominal) scale. Humans are actively damaging the coral reef ecosystems on our earth. Coral reefs are everyplacefished, poisoned by chemical pollution, smothered by sediment, and choked by macro algae growing on nutritive rich sewage and fertilizer runoff. In the meantime, world-wide warming and ocean acidification is a greater contribution to coral reef mortality rate. The main driving force behind the coral crisis is the continuing increase in h uman population. These entrust give a burthen to environment, and eventually will impact on marine life, especially the coral reefs. Through the review of the past cover, I found that from the least and latest topic of ocean acidification to the largest one (sedimentation and nutrient enrichment), scientists are operateting concerned about the problem relate to carbon dioxide which replys in climate change and ocean acidification world(a)ly, especially in the juvenile years. Lots of coral reef scientists have risen to this key issue.IntroductionCoral reefs are evaluated to cover 284,300 square kilometers, with the Indo-Pacific region (including the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, south-east Asia and the Pacific) accounting for 91.9% of the total. Southeast Asia accounts for 32.3% of that figure, while the Pacific including Australia accounts for 40.8%. Atlantic and Caribbean coral reefs only account for 7.6% of world total. (Spalding, M., Ravilious, C., and Green, E. (2001). World Atl as of Coral Reefs. Berkeley, CA University of calcium Press and UNEP/WCMC)It is reported that Australia, Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Fiji contain almost over half of the worlds reefs. It is now generally acknowledged that coral reefs are among the most threatened global ecosystems, and among the most vital (Costanza et al. 1997 Bryant et al. 1998 Boesch et al. 2000 Reaser et al. 2000 Wilkinson 2000). However, one of the upcoming crises is a major threat of death of corals and large scale damage of coral reefs in all over the world. This crisis is partly a result of the frequency of human activities which are having a negative effect on marine ecosystems, especially on coral reef ecosystems.A study from 1998 showed that coral reefs or so the world were affected by human activities (Lauretta B. et al. 1998, Fig. 2). The study showed the relative proportion of reefs at risk in quin regions, with Southeast Asia having the highest area at risk. This phenomenon probably is related to the overfishing in this area which leads to coral reefs being at the highest risk compared to the rest of the world. It is known that the current military position is directly or indirectly consistent with human activities. However, the question remains that to what extent has human activity changed the coral reef ecosystems? So in this report, I would use ISI web database to search articles related to coral reefs crisis. Basically, I will try to answer this question. To do this I will discuss the various threats to coral reef, including overfishing and fish live trade issue, pollution-including terrestrial runoff, chemical compounds and sedimentation, and macroalgae overgrowth which is causing by nutrient enrichment under the seawater, and global warming and ocean acidification which contribute to coral disease and coral mortality.Impacts Of OverfishingIt is sure about that overfishing in general is a damaging problem to many coral reefs around the world. In this fiel d, it is shown that scientists did research in the topic of overfishing and fish trade was increasing since 1990. (Figure 3)In recent years, as a result of human interference on coral reefs, coral mortality is higher than ever before. When this occurs, the algae immediately take this opportunity for growth, which results in construedlings of coral not being able to attach to the reef. This type of event highlights the pregnant role of herbivorous fish on the restoration of coral reefs. plainly if herbivorous coral reef fish are captured in large numbers, social groups are difficult to recover. In this situation, macroalgae continues to overgrow, and inhibits the growth of corals.For example, The Caribbean region has been hit particularly hard, with 40% of absolute coral cover lost since the late 1970s repayable to overfishing and macroalgae overgrowth (Gardner et al. 2003). So some authors argue that overfishing is an important reason why reef corals have pedigreed in recent y ears. (Aronson et al. 2006)However, overfishing has also been due to the improvement of global fishing technology, and a variety of advanced equipment is used in the exploitation of fishing. A large number of fish becomes extinct annually. As a result of advanced fishing technology, the worlds annual catch of fish is continuing to rise. Indeed, on one hand, increased fishing will provide sufficient global come out of fish products. However, at the same time, the increase in fisheries production will reduce the global average price of fish in the global market, and this decline will lead to the reduction of fishing profits, which in turn will drive an increase in catches again, ultimately leading to a vicious sight in fisheries. On the other hand, large scale fishing move lead to the sharp decline in fish population. Without predators, algae puke overgrow and suppress coral recruitment. Even though, some scientists argue that these algae are not directly killing corals. In fact, they are competing with corals in the space and stirring of light. So without light, corals will die eventually due to corals can not get nutrients to survive. (Figure 4)PollutionA major threat besides the overexploitation of piscary resources is undoubtedly the strong increase in coastal development, and discharge of untreated sewage into the near-shore waters, resulting in enormous amounts of nutrients spreading into the sea and coastal zones (Burke et al., 2002 Wilkinson, 2002 Brown et al., 2006 UNEP, 2006). For example, around 60% of the wastewater discharged into the Caspian Sea is untreated, in Latin America and the Caribbean the figure is close to 80%, and in large parts of Africa and the Indo-Pacific the proportion is as high as 80-90% (UNEP, 2006). Agricultural run-off to the ocean, Nitrogen exports to the marine environment is projected to increase at least 14% globally by 2030 (UNEP, 2006).During the past 30 years, more and more scientists were on to the problems of sed imentation and nutrient enrichment and chemical pollution and oil spills. It is shown that a big number of topics on pollution and nutrient enrichment and so on. (Figure 5 and 6)Basically, the scientists wanted to understand how did sedimentation and nutrient enrichment and chemical pollution and oil spills impact on the corals? There are various mechanisms by which these factors can harm coral reefs. First of all, suspended sediment makes water turbid which allows less sunlight to penetrate the water. With less sunlight, zooxanthellae which live within the corals tissue can not photosynthesize to produce organic nutrients that support the corals to thrive. In addition, it is known that zooxanthellae are sensitive to chemical changes (Parker et al. 2008). In industrial wastewater and farming runoff, there are always chemical compounds which can make zooxanthellae toxic to corals as well as in the case of oil spills. So to harbor themselves, corals have to toss the zooxanthellae (P arker et al. 2008). After a period in this situation, corals will die. Furthermore, farming near the coast results in large quantities of sediment and soil going into sea and onto coral reefs. This dirt, silt or sand can make water muddy, smothering the corals (Rogers 1990). In addition, the use of fertilizers for farming is another problem resulting in increased nutrient flow into the ocean. The discharge human sewage leads to the nutrient enrichment in certain areas, especially in the estuary, which may result in rapid growth of algae which as mentioned before they will outcompete corals, cutting off the supply of light as well.Ocean AcidificationIn this area, it is shown that more and more conservationists were interesting in ocean acidification in recent years (Figure 7). It seems a very new field that scientists have only focused on just 7 years ago. It index be scientists aware of the issue of acidification rising, which is now noticing that acid level rising makes an impact on coral reefs.Ocean acidification is related to the carbon dioxide being released in to the atmosphere and reacting with seawater. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earths atmosphere now exceeds 380 ppm, which is more than 80 ppm above the maximum values of the past 740,000 years (Petit et al. 1999 EPICA community members, Nature. 2004). degree centigrade dioxide reacts with water to form a weak acid H2CO3, which results in acid levels increasing in the oceans of the world. Ocean acidification is a current key problem that all marine animals have to face, especially coral reefs. As previous(prenominal) mentioned that corals get organic nutrients from a mutualistic symbiont zooxanthellae to grow. These algae are sensitive to acid rising in the seawater. If the environmental conditions are changing, corals will eject algae and turn to white, a phenomenon known as coral bleaching.Global WarmingWith respect to global warming, corals are sensitive to the sudden temperature c hanging as well, which means the change of temperature is a factor causes their photosynthetic process to break down. When this pass aways, zooxanthellae become toxic to corals. Then, if they want to protect themselves, the corals have to expel the zooxanthellae. And they will get starved and become bleaching. As is figure 8 shown that another very important threat affecting coral reefs is global warming. The rise in temperature can result coral bleaching.It is usual to see coral bleaching just temperature a little higher than hottest summer temperature (Parker et al. 2008). large bleaching events seem to be worthy increasingly common (Wellington et al. 2001). If temperature continues to increase, in the future, this means that coral bleaching events may increase their frequency an extent of severity. Even though populations align and corals do survive, this pressure increases their susceptibility to disease and reduces their ability to reproduce.OverallFrom 11393 articles found in the literature search on the topics of coral reefs, one eighth of papers are related to the impact of human activities on coral reefs (Figure 9 and Figure 10). Of course, there should be more factors impacting on coral reefs and have contributed to their mortality. Indeed, the coral reef crisis in all over the world is getting worse and worse, even in the future the coral reef would face further threats. But this does not mean we have no ideas to save them, the figure 11 also shows that marine biologists were concerned about the coral reef crisis more than before, bigger possibly because more and more scientists were aware of the importance of coral reefs to the entire marine ecosystems. Protecting coral reef ecosystems probably is an effective pathway to get most species recovered.ConclusionDuring the past 30 years, marine ecosystems took place some changes. The interference of human activities directly or indirectly gives more and more burden for our earth. The damaged environ ment makes some species become threatened species or endangered species, even critical endangered species. Even though, coral reefs are not becoming extinct, they are facing high risk which leads them to die. Indeed, the world lost a large scale of coral reefs which all due to the humans since early twentieth century. From the review of the literature of the past 3 decades, scientists are focusing now more on climate changes, including global warming and ocean acidification, which results in corals death. Compared to the previous large number and key issues, like fishing and pollution problems, scientists are beginning to find more new factors that influence the coral reefs. From this trend, we can see that there should be more work to do to find a solution to marine scientists. With the population continuing to rise, it is difficult to imagine what will happen in the near future. For the humans, perhaps, they have to think about what they can and should do to reduce the dead of cor als and the damage of coral reefs. To find a solution to net the coral reef issues, humans have to give more actively motivations and passions to change the current situations.

Impact of FDI Flows Outflow on the Indian Economy

Impact of FDI Flows Outflow on the Indian EconomyAbstractThis paper discusses the trends in Indias superficial FDI over the last decade and attempts to identify the cistrons for the same. The main aim is to help policy makers with insights regarding levers which willing help in improving FDI outflows and to stimulate progress query in outside enthronization from emerging economies. 287 conditions of investing from India by Indian companies in 17 sectors give birth been taken for the compend. The paper e working classates on the construct of studying the impact of ownership, location and internalization variables on Indias foreign coronation. An epitome of sector wise of entry strategy, reason of entry and geographical analysis has been performed. Overall, it has been effectuate that acquisitions was the major way of entry for Indian firms who are investing abroad and pursuance new commercializes. The paper in addition describes the policy changes which had impacted FD I flow from India and the analogy of outward FDI with macro-economic indicators like Fischer Open Differential and GDP.Objective of the studyWe would like to study outward FDI flows from the emerging economies, specifically to the Indian context.An analysis of FDI flows from different sectors of the Indian Economy will be doneTo see what is the intent of enthronement, the mode of entry, and the macroeconomic factors that affect FDI flow.To find out the impact of the Fischer Open Differential cod to the FDI flow.IntroductionThe first foreign Indian threaten was a textile mill prune up in Ethiopia in 1959 by the Birla Group of companies, Indias back up largest business conglomerate at the time (kudaisya 2003). The following year, the Birla Group set up an engineering unit in Kenya. Sustained emersion in Indian overseas investment could be seen starting around the late 1970s when the industrial licensing system became much more stringent as part of the governments kick the buc ket to control big businesses. By 1983, there were 140 foreign investment projects in operation and another 88 in various stages of implementation (lall 1986). The entire number of approved projects had r apieceed 229 by 1990 (kumar 2007). Most of the foreign affiliates set up during this cessation were small- or medium-scale ventures substance approved equity during the period 1975-1990/1991 doed to only $220 million. The split second wave of internationalization of Indian firms began from astir(predicate) 1995 and gathered momentum as foreign flip-flop restrictions on capital transfers for overseas acquisitions liberalized in successive stages from 2000 (nagaraj 2006). thither was a mess in outward investment from 2005. The number of approved projects change magnituded from 220 in 1990/1991 to 395 in 1999/2000 and to 1,595 in 2007/2008 (kumar 2008). Total FDI outflow from India increased from to the heightsest degree $25 million in the early 1990s to nearly $14 billion in 2007. Indias share in total developing economy FDI outflows remained beneath 0.5 per centime throughout the 1990s, but increased continuously since, r each(prenominal)ing nearly 6.0% in 2007 (see table 1 and Figure 1). India remains a give the sack FDI recipient, charge though the gap among outflows and inflows has been sharply narrowing over the past few years. In 1990, annual outflows, on total, amounted to 7 percent of inflows. This increased from about 30 percent to 60 percent between 2000-2005 and 2005-2007.The data in table 1 help in beneathstanding Indias relative position in the world as a source nation of FDI. In the early 1990s, Indias share in FDI outflows from developing economies was the lowest compared to the four large emerging foodstuff economies used as comparators (Brazil, Peoples Republic of china PRC, Mexico, and South Africa). Over the ensuing years, Indias share has grown faster than those of the comparators. In 2004-2005, it surpassed that of Sout h Africa and in 2006-2007, it surpassed that of Mexico. The share of FDI outflows in gross domestic capital formation (GDCF) in India has likewise increased much faster than the other four economies and the average for all developing economies during the period 1994-2007.Figure 2 compares the outward FDI from the PRC and India in terms of the contribution contribution to total developing economy outward FDI and relative to GDCF in each economy. During 2006-2007, on average, the PRC accounted for 7.3 percent of the total outward FDI from developing countries compared to 3.2 percent for India, although the gap has been narrowing over the years. By contrast, relative to GDCF, outward FDI from India on average is larger compared to that from the PRC. The difference widened sharply following the significant liberalization of the outward FDI regime in India during 2004-2005. During 2005-2006, the contribution of outward FDI to GDCF in India (4.4 percent) was more than twice as large as t hat of the PRC (1.7 percent).Theories of FDI flowsThe paper on FDI outflows by John Dunning in which he explains the same through the OLI (Ownership, Location and Internalization) framework.DUNNINGS ConceptOWNERSHIPAn MNC smells some(prenominal) disadvantages them moment they entrench the domestic firm when it enters a external market different from its landed estate of origin. However, a firm chooses to enter a foreign market if it has advantages which outweigh the disadvantages outlined above. These include access to natural resources, intellectual property, strong domestic / global brand which become a competitive advantage for the companies. spotThe location specific concept involves the attractiveness of the foreign market as a destination for entry by a firm. There are 3 ways how a foreign market can differentiate itself-1. Economic Size of the foreign market, market concentration, growth rate, avail king of talent, infrastructure, competitive cost structures etcetera2. Po litical These include the political risk of the country, the judicial mechanisms and their transparency, ease of doing business, labour laws etc.3. Social These include similarities of culture, ways of doing business, social structure between the country of origin of the firm and the foreign country etc.INTERNALIZATIONA firm has to choose between various entries modes into foreign markets starting from marketing alliances, licensing and parking lotfield ventures and to full blown acquisitions. The decisions are made keeping in view the tradeoff of transaction costs versus internalization costs. In bad operating markets firms prefer to avoid high costs of external transactions. The intensity of the regulation of the foreign market is another parameter which determines the internalization decision.HYMERS THEORYHymers supposition explains that MNEs are elements of market imperfections. There are two causes for imperfections removal of competition and monopolistic powers. Hymer st ates that investment made abroad gives them the ability to use its worldwide trading operations to separate markets and reduce competition. MNEs control assets to minimize risks and increase their monopolistic power by creating entry barriers. Hymers analysis is constitute on structural imperfections which are caused by large scale economies, having knowledge, wide distribution clamsworks, product diversification and credit advantagesALIBERS MODELAlibers conjecture says that MNCs invest in foreign assets as the MNCs contract the ability to hold assets in different currencies and thus take advantage of structural and transactional imperfections in foreign swop markets. He also outlines that the firm will face the same operational problems abroad as in the domestic market and that is not a decision making criterion for firms.VERNERS THEORYVernons location theory says that a MNEs often acquire low cost resources than that of nations follow as the cost to a MNE is just the margi nal cost to the system This helps the NEs acquire factor inputs and resources at a cost prevailing in the home country part MNEs acquire them at the best price worldwide having lower labor and input costs. This difference between national cost and marginal cost will be a key driver of FDI worldwide.Literature ReviewWe have come across various articles and research papers related to our topicThe papers explore the uneven beginnings of FDI in India and examine the developments (economic and political) relating to the trends in two sectors assiduity and Infrastructure and sub sector Telecom. The papers laid the relation between institutions in emerging markets and the entry strategies chosen by foreign direct investors. The merits of option strategies from investors perspective as well as the impact on the host country were investigated. For this purpose FDI strategies were investigated and were compared with four all-important(a) emerging markets India, Egypt, South Africa and Vie tnam. The papers also enlightened the sector wise FDI inflows in India and the reasons for industrial sectors attracting the highest FDI inflows. The best part of the analysis was in its specific focus on the implications of changes in trade and investment policy regimes and the bpetroleumers suit investment climate for internationalization of domestic companies and the nature of their global operations. The findings cast doubt on the popular perception of the recent surge in outward foreign direct investment from India as an unmixed economic blessing, given the remaining distortion in the domestic investment climate. foreign Direct Investment in India A Critical Analysis of FDI from 1995-2005 by Kulwindar Singh (Center for Civil Society, New Delhi Research Internship Programme, 2005)Survey of FDI in India by Sumon K. Bhaumik (London Business School, 2003). contrasted Direct Investment Inflows in India- Opportunities and Benefits by Syed Khaja Safiuddin (Assistant Professor, Depart ment of Management and Commerce, 2010)Outward Foreign Direct Investment from India by Prema- Chandra Athukorala (Asian Development assert, 2009)Scope of the studyThe place setting of the study was restricted to analyzing the dependence of foreign investment on ownership variables only .The scope of the study was further restricted owing to the lack of accessibility of data on foreign investment by Indian firms. There was, 287 data of foreign investment from India were collected. The data spans across 17 sectors as will be discussed later. The lack of data posed several restrictions on the scope of the study such asIt was not possible to do trend analysis for foreign investment from IndiaThe data was available for only 99 records. The size of the investment could be found for 65 records.Indias Outbound info Trends and Empirical DataA majority FDI outflows has been for quest for raw materials as India is a raw material scarce country. For instance, Tata Steel was more into securin g coal assets in Indonesia with better fiber coal which was not available in the country where private players are not allowed and there was too much of regulation. The Pharmaceutical sector has gone on an acquisition spree mainly for IP and access to markets including distribution networks.In recent propagation Indias FDI have been in acquisitions in the IT and IT services sectors. Indian enterprises have developed expertise and capabilities in IT services which they leverage and enter global markets. This gives them the opportunity to find newer clients at lower costs as a end of a booming local stock market and low P/Es in economies abroad. For example HCL Technologies acquired Axon for 440 million pounds. Indias FDI flows in recent times has been to acquire crude oil assets in a bid to secure the energy needs of the country through ONGC Videsh Ltd.Figure I FDI outflows are anticipate to double over the next 5 years with a CAGR of 16.7%Source EIU Country DataActual FiguresPro jected FiguresValuesRow LabelsSum of in FDISum of Outward FDI19962125119199725252401998361911319992633472000216880200135855092002547213972003562716692004432318792005577121792006760629782007196221284220082295013649Grand Total8802637701Indias FDI Inflows and Outflows (US $ Millions)Source UNCTAD 2008Figure II Graph showing the FDI outflow in the next 5 years.Research MethodologyA large number of data on the FDI outflows have been gathered (about 300) using press releases from the firms websites and annual reports, news articles and clippings, databases such as Thompson Reuters and Capitaline, industry forums and various other sources. The variables of ownership, location and internalization were further elaborated in detail later. These have been filtered by virtue of their sales, with those having sales greater than degree centigrade crores making it to the final list of firms. This data has been gathered from Center for Monitoring of Indian Economy (CMIE). For this study, number o f sectors was limited to 17 as shown in put back I below.Number of instancesIT36Pharmaceuticals37Auto Components20Construction32Telecom28Petroleum Products7petroleum Gas digging24Steel20Dyes4Paints3Machinery/CapitalGoods14Non Ferrous Metals2Auto30Cosmetics,toiletries, etc.8Tyres Tubes6diversify1Food Products15TOTAL287 control board I Total foreign investment by each sectorWe have restricted the research to determining the impact of ownership variables on FDI outflows from India. Two types of research were qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research includes the trend of FDI flows, which has been shown through different modes of entry and further was study for specific trends within sectors. This shows why different sectors use different routes for entering into foreign markets for example, pharmaceutical companies enter through alliances while manufacturing firms go for acquisitions and IT firms go for two routes depending on the objectives. For quantitative analysis, t his is done in the broad section of determining whether there is an outward flow of foreign direct investment from India. Another analysis has been done on the lifecycle of the firm. The mode of entry might also depend on the risk taking ability of the management.The research objectives were translated into the following questions, which were then tried using statistical analysisQ1 Whether FDI is the preferred mode of entry for foreign investment by Indian companies?Q2 Whether the intent of foreign investment by Indian companies is market seek, product, brand or resource seeking or technology seeking?Q3 Whether foreign investment by Indian companies is more towards less income countries as well as in certain cases where FDI by Indian companies is attributed towards certain geographical aspect?Q 4 Whether FDI is related to other macroeconomic indicators such as GDP (non agricultural)?Q 1 MODE OF ENTRYIn total 287 instances of FDI outflow was classified into the following categories Greenfield It refers to the col up of a new branch, office or setting up of a new wholly owned subsidiary in the target countryAlliance Alliances are arrangements such as archive of Understanding signed with the universities for technological researchJoint VentureExpansion This refers to the instance which is related to the expansion of its existing operations such as opening up of a new office.Acquisition Acquisition if the Indian company refers to acquiring a majority stake in the equity of the foreign company or acquiring assets of a foreign company or acquired.Minority StakeHere we can see that, the main entry mode for India firms has been acquisitions account statement for 33.80% of the total Indian outward investment from the instances studied. This is closely followed by joint ventures, Greenfield operations and expansion for 19.86%, 17.07% and 16.03% respectively. hedge II presents a detailed sectoral picture of the instances base on the way of entry.Figure III Indias o utward direct investment base on mode of entryTableIISectoral break up of foreign investment depending on the mode of entryDue to limited amount of data, a sector wise analysis to identify trends within each sector in the case of the mode of entry could not be done. However, establish on the data available following trends (see Table 3) were discoveredAcquisitions were the most(prenominal) common modes of foreign investment in case of railroad carmobile components, pharmaceuticals, capital goods, cosmetics food products and tyres tubes.Greenfield investments are selected mode of investment in case of IT, Petroleum Products and Oil Gas Mining.Joint ventures accounting for around 60.71% of the entire foreign investment of telecom companiesConstruction companies resorted to expansion of existing foreign operationsSectors most apt(predicate) show foreign direct investment include auto auto components, fast moving consumer goods, technology based companies such as pharmaceuticals , IT, and capital goods.TableIIISectoral distribution of mode of entryQ 2 INTENT OF INVESTMENTThe main reason for investing abroad was identified as followsMarket pursuit This is driven by gaining access to local or regional market which would help prevent some operational costs eg distribution cost.Technology or Brand Seeking Companies also invest in order to gain access to new technology or acquisition of some brands or products. preference Seeking This is driven by gaining access to natural resources.In each of the 287 instances of investment was evaluated based on available information. In certain cases, investment was found out to have multiple characteristics or intents. For instance, a foreign investment could be made to both get access to a new market as well as to a new technology. Same weight age was given to each of the elements therefore, in this case both market seeking and technology seeking will get a score of 0.5. The results, are given belowTableIVForeign investmen t based on investmentFigure 4 below summarizes the intent of entry for the instances studied. It can be seen, the foreign investments made by Indian companies have been mainly market seeking. Over 52% of the total investments made abroad were for market seeking while 32% of the investments are made to seek new technologies, brands or products. option seeking investments form only 16% of the total investments made by Indian companies as a whole.Figure IV Foreign investment based on investmentA sector wise analysis of the foreign investment offers more insights as follows (see Table 5)Market seeking foreign investment is the driving force in case of IT, pharmaceuticals, auto components, construction, telecom, and tyres tubes.Technology or brand or new product seeking kind of foreign investment intent is predominant in case of capital goods, auto and toiletries and food products.As expected, oil and gas mining, petroleum products and non ferrous metals exhibit resource seeking as the ir predominant intent of foreign investment.Table V Sectoral distribution for investmentQ 3 TARGET COUNTRYThe target countries of investment were classified based on two parametersIncomeContinentINCOME OF COUNTRYBased on income, the target countries were classified into three categories (based onUnited Nations Human Development Report 200708) gamy Income The high income countries are those with GNI per capita of USD 10,726 or more in 2005.Middle Income These are countries with GNI per capita of USD 876 to USD 10,275 in 2005Low Income These are countries with GNI per capita of USD 875 or less in 2005 Based on the above classification India is categorized as a low income country.The target country of the 287 conditions of foreign investment was determined. The data is as shown in Table VI. The overall results are also summarized in Figure V.Table VI Investment based on countryFigure V Foreign Investment based on incomeFigure V show that most of the foreign investment from India has be en to countries with high income. As seen in Table VI, high income countries account for 61.32% of the total foreign investment from India.Table VII helps us analyze the sector wise trends in terms of target country of investment.The following inferences can be pinched based on the data availableThe IT, pharmaceuticals, auto auto components, toiletries food products, capital goods and construction sector had most of the foreign investment is made to high income countries include.The sectors where majority of the investment has been made to middle income countries include oil gas mining.Petroleum products have invested mainly in low income countriesFor metals (ferrous nonferrous) sectors, the investment has been equally distributed between high income countries on one side and middle low income countries on the other.Table VII Table showing foreign investment based on the countrys incomeTARGET COUNTRY CONTINENTA geographical analysis of the collated data was also done. The targ et countries were identified into 6 major geographies as followsNorth the StatesSouth AmericaAsiaEuropeMiddle EastAfricaTable VIII and Figure VI summarize the inferences drawn from this data. In certain instances, the target country could not be singularly identified for instance if a JV is formed among three countries. As a result, the total no of instances is 290 instead of 287 (See Table VII)Table VIII Foreign investment based on geographyFigure VI shows that Europe and Asia together account for about 54.48% of the instances of foreign investment, while North America accounts for another 20.69%.Figure VI Foreign investment based on geographyTable IX shows the sector wise percentage distribution of geography of investment.From the table it is apparent thatSectors like non ferrous metals, IT, cosmetics toiletries and pharmaceuticals have major investments in North America.South American investments largely have oil gas miningIn Asia, paints, metals (steel and nonferrous metals), telecom and tyres tubes predominant sectors from IndiaEurope is a preferred destination for companies in sectors such as capital goods, auto and auto componentsConstruction companies target their foreign investment in Middle East.Foreign investment from Indian companies in petroleum products occurs in AfricaTable IX Sectoral distribution of foreign investment depending upon geographyQ4 CORRELATION WITH OTHER MACROECONOMIC INDICATORSIndias outward FDI was correlated against Indias non agricultural GDP and portfolio investments out of India to assess the impact of growth in the economy on Indias outward FDI.Indias outward FDI and Non agricultural GDPThe results are summarized in the table below.From the correlation results, it can be concluded that Indias outward FDI has a positive relation with the Indias non agricultural GDP. However, the negative coefficient in the equation implies that FDI out of India starts only after a certain threshold of INR 3, 59, 468 crores is crossed.Tab le X Indias outward FDI vs. GDP (Non-Agricultural)IMPACT OF POLICY CHANGEChanges in the regulation policies in India have also been a major contributor to the observed increase in investment outflow from India, especially the year 2000 onwards. Some of the key policy changes which have impacted investment outflow from India areReserve hope of India telling No. FEMA.40/2001RB 2 present 2001Overseas investments are allowed to be funded up to speed of light% by AmericanThe three years favorableness condition requirement has been removed for Indian companies making overseas investments under the machine-controlled routeOverseas investments are opened to registered partnership firms and companies that provide overlord services. The minimum net value of Rs. 150 million for Indian companies engaged in financial sector activities in India has been removed for investment abroad in financial sectorDepository Receipt/General Depository Receipt proceeds up from the previous jacket of 5 0%.Reserve Bank of India Notification No. FEMA.49/2002RB 19 January 2002Indian companies in Special Economic Zones can freely make overseas investment up to any amount without the restriction of the $100 million ceiling under the automatic route, provided the funding is done out of the Exchange Earners Foreign Currency Account balancesReserve Bank of India Notification No. FEMA.53/2002RB 1 March 2002 and FEMA.79/2002RB10 December 2002The annual limit on overseas investment has been raised to $100 million (up from $50 million) and the limit for direct investments in South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation countries (excluding Pakistan) and Myanmar has been raised to $150 million (up from $75 million) for Rupee investments in Nepal and Bhutan the limit has been raised to Rs. 700 crores (up from Rs. 350 crores) under the automatic routeReserve Bank of India Notification No. FEMA.49/2002RB 2 March 2001An Indian party which has wear the limit of $100 million in a year may apply to the Reserve Bank of India for a block allocation of foreign exchange subject to such terms and conditions as may be necessaryReserve Bank of India Notification No. 83/RB 2003 1 March 2003Indian companies can make overseas investments by market purchases of foreign exchange without prior eulogy of the Reserve Bank of India up to 100% of their net worth up from the previous limit of 50%An Indian company with a proven trackrecord is allowed to invest up to 100% of its net worth within the overall limit of $100 million by way of market purchases for investment in a foreign entity engaged in any bona fide business application starting fiscal year 20032004. The provision restricting overseas investments in the same activity as its core activity at home of the Indian company are removed. Listed Indian companies, residents and mutual funds are permitted to invest abroad in companies listed on a accept stock exchange and in company which has the shareholding of at least 10% in an Indi an company listed on a recognized stock exchange in India.Changes brought about in fiscal year 20032004Indian firms are allowed to undertake agricultural activities, which was previously restricted, either directly or through an overseas branchInvestments in joint venture or whollyowned subsidiary abroad by way of share swap are permitted under the automatic routeIn January 2004, the Reserve Bank of India further relaxed the monetary ceiling on Indian companies investment abroad. With effect from fiscal year 2003-2004, Indian companies can invest up to 100% of their net worth without any separate monetary ceiling even if the investment exceeds the $100 million ceiling previously imposed. Furthermore, Indian companies can now invest or make acquisitions abroad in areas unrelated to their business at home.In 2005, banks were permitted to lend cash to Indian companies for acquisition of equity in overseas joint ventures, wholly owned subsidiaries or in other overseas companies as stra tegic investment.In 2006, the automatic route of disinvestments was further liberalized. Indian companies are now permitted to disinvest without prior approval of the RBI in select categories. To encourage large and important exporters, proprietary/unregistered partnership firms have been allowed to set up a JV/WOS outside Indian with the prior approval of RBI.In 2007, the ceiling of investment by Indian entities was revised from 100 per cent of the net worth to 200 per cent of the net worth of the investing company under the automatic route of overseas investment. The limit of 200 per cent of the net worth of the Indian party was enhanced to 300 per cent of the net worth in June 2007 under automatic route (200 per cent in case of revisited partnership firms). In September 2007, this was further enhanced to 400 per cent of the net worth of the Indian party.The Liberalized Remittance Scheme (LRS) for Resident individuals was further liberalized by enhancing the existing limit of US$ 100.00 per financial year to US$ 200.00 per financial year (AprilMarch) in September 2007.The limit of portfolio investment by listed Indian companies in the equity of listed foreign companies was raised in September 2007 from 35 per cent to 50 per cent of the net worth of the investing company as on the date of its last audited balance sheet. Furthermore, the requirement of reciprocal 10 per cent shareholding in Indian companies has been dispensed with.The aggregate ceiling for overseas investment by mutual funds, registered with SEBI, was enhanced from US$ 4 billion to US$ 5 billion in September 2007. This was further raised to US$ 7 billion in April 2008. The existing facility to allow a limited number of qualified Indian mutual funds to invest cumulatively up to US$ 1 billion in overseas Exchange Traded Funds, as may be permitted by the SEBI would continue. The investments would be subject to the terms and conditions and operational guidelines as issued by SEBI.Registered Trusts and Societies engaged in manufacturing/educational sector have been allowed in June 2008 to make investment in the same sector(s) in a Joint Venture or Wholly Owned Subsidiary outside India, with the prior approval of the Reserve Bank.Registered Trusts and Societies which have set up hospital(s) in India have been allowed in August 2008 to make investment in the same sector(s) in a JV/WOS outside India, with the prior approval of the Reserve Bank.As can been seen from the above chart, the outward FDI in India really picked up after Q1 2006.CONCLUSIONSThe major mode of entry for India firms in the last 5 years has been acquisitions which are around 33.80% of the total Indian outward investment from the instances studied this is closely followed by joint ventures. This shows that Indian firms have the confidence to venture abroad and maintain operational control of the acquired company Most foreign investments made by Indian companies have been market seeking. Over 50% of the total i nvestments made abroad are for market seeking while 33.78% of the investments are into seeking new technologies, brands or products. This is seen mainly towards the service sector showing that the unavoidable competencies are being built at home while small forei

Tourism Policy And Regional Planning Destination Tourism Essay

holidaymakerry Policy And Regional Planning Destination tourerry EssayIntroductionTourism planning is an of the essence(p) serving when a destination decides to become a holidaymaker attraction. Tourism has been on rise since the 1970s as much plenty began to work from 9am to 5pm and paid repudiate became much popular in at work ordinates. This led to people having the leisure duration to spend on their holidays. For a destination to become a tourer destination one should be fitted to know the market segmentation of the people travelling there. Theres a saying Rome was not built in a day. Tourism planning takes time and research. One would need to find out what type of product and services be needed for the type of phaeton that comes to that particular destination. Tourism planning has become more important now than comp ared to 50 years ago. Tourism planning allows rules to be set by the government. They would be able to implement reliable strategies that would help to reduce the negative impacts on the environs. This discussion paper bequeath explore the different bettermentes that the government use and the challenges of phaetonry planning in todays world. Many forms of research are done to find out the characteristics of the people visiting a destination. Many touristry planners assume that the market segment does not change.According to Tourism Man eldment, tourism has been around for legion(predicate) years approximately since AD 1500. Modern tourism would not establish been achievable without the precedents of Mesopotamia, the Nile, and Indus valleys, ancient Greece and Rome, the Dark Ages and the Middle Ages.Premodern tourism has their own character as there are many similarities with modern tourism. The Early modern tourism (1500 to 1950) considers the too soon modern era, which links the premodern to the contemporary period through the influence of the Renaissance and the Industrial Revolution. The Contemporary tourism (1950 onwards) introduces contemporary mass tourism (Weaver Lawton, 2010).Tourism raise raise the profile of a destination, attracting the interest of investors and visitors a want.TourismAccording to Tourism Planning and Policy textbook, the definition of tourism is like what Leiper and Pearce believe that it is important to exact an opened view of what tourism is all close toMovement of people and their resourcesBy characterizing the collection of government, businesses, activities and processes that helped people to make decisions most travelInvolves the production and usance of the range of tangible and intangible resourcesOverlaps and intersects with the daily lives of topical anesthetic anaesthetic communitiesInvolves the production and consumption of tourist experiencesProduces the range of intended and unintended consequences and effects that need to be critically examined and answerd. (Leiper and Pearce, nd)Tourism planning and policy should not basically mean as an spa ring development activities that are aimed at the supply and demand side of tourism. Tourism should be explored further to improve the other elements of tourism.Policysustainable tourism development is under the tourism planning and policy is there to achieve tourism development that minimizes the negative effects and maximizes the autocratic effects so that they can be sustained over the long term. There are fourFor the manipulation of this report, this report will touch on the environmental problems, the number of challenges faces with limited infrastructure, depressed economy and using telephone exchange Highlands as a areaal economic development tool. Lastly, recommendation as well as conclusions will be offered before the end of the report.Government Approaches towards TourismTourism policy and planning are divided into two categories (1) substantive ideas that provide the direction and underpinning values embedded in tourism planning and policy.Tourism planning and policy both hypothesis and practices are by a range of cultures, disciplines, methods and framework (Macbeth, 2005, p.89)According to Getz (1986) there are five adventes to tourism planning and they are boosterism, economic, spatial, fellowship and sustainable planning. distributively of these approaches has their own strengths and weaknesses which will be further explored belowBoosterismBoosterism is when tourism development is perceived to be good and salutary for the host fellowship of a destination. It is suggested that heathen and inwrought resources should be used to for tourism development without any consideration to the negative economic, social and environmental impacts of tourism that will occur due to this exploitation. This approach is done master(prenominal)ly by two groups. They are politicians who are philosophically or pragmatically believe that economic product is always to be promoted, and by others who will gain financially by tourism (Getz, 1987 cited in Hall , 2008). This will continue until is proven that they will eventually run out of resources to use and when the growth of political opposition can no longer be prevented.Although the main focus is on promotion and development of the destination, little attention is given to run into that directs of demand are suitable to the resources and social carrying capacity of the region (Hall, 2008). Most of the time, the local anaesthetics are not involved in the decision making and planning processes in regards to tourism development and those who are not in favour of these developments are deemed as being unpatriotic. For example hosting of events such(prenominal) as the Youth Olympics Games is deemed as beneficial for the host city of Singapore as it puts a country on display to the rest of the world making this a form of promotion. Money and resources are withal spent on coming up with brand names such as Incredible India, Malaysia truly asia and Your Singapore. This is done so that visitors would be able to identify the brand name to the country.EconomicEconomic planning is essential as it supports growth and development in certain areas. Governments built infrastructures such as hotels to support tourism in that area. This will encourage impertinent revenue earning as more tourists will travel to the destination because of the useful facilities it supports. This in subprogram creates employment for the locals living there. Marketing and promotion is used to attract certain visitors who will provide the greatest economic benefit to the destinations specific tourist resources (Hall, 2008). In order to accomplish the market segmentation of the tourist coming to the destination and matching of products and services, research has been conducted by governments and industries.However this may not necessarily be a benefit, when government focuses too much on the tourism industry they might neglect other areas such as agriculture industry. One of the strengths of the rally highlands of the Island as a tourism destination is its scenery. Tourist numbers are likely to increase when there is more accommodation built for them. Cutting polish up trees would be a necessary measure to make way for these infrastructures which in turn will change the environment of the destination (Moore Dowling, 2001).Physical/SpatialTourism is regarded as having an ecological base resulting in the need for development to be based upon certain spatial patterns, capacities or thresholds that would minimise the negative impacts of tourism on the physical environment (Hill, Jenkins Kearsley, 1997). This type of planning came from people who fight for a rational approach to the planning of natural resources and deemed as the oldest form of environmental protection. The main emphasis is on the physical and social carrying capacity of the destination. As tourism increases in a destination they have an impact on the natural environment. For example, many national park s have management plans that zone sections of the park (Hall, 2008). Zoning is one of the methods used to limit tourist interaction with the environment to a certain area (Newsome, Moore Dowling, 2001). This will ensure that the damage to the environment would be minimal.Although strategies have been placed to manage visitors to attraction sites, these sometimes fail when there is an increased level of visitors and increased demand for the experience of the visitors placed on the attraction (Hall, McArthur 1998 Newsome et al. 2005 cited in Hall, 2008). For example the Canterbury Cathedral in England has a visitor centre built to manage the large amount of tourists as they places stress on the physical and spiritual fabric of the cathedral (Hall, 2008).CommunityThe social and political situation is monitored as the local community have some control over the tourism development process. As tourist destinations become popular, impacts to the destination starts to appear. Therefore sin ce late 1970s more attention is given to negative environmental, cultural and personal impacts of tourism and the social context within which it occurs (Hall, 2008). As alterations are being done to the environment of the local community, it is highly essential that the locals of the destination are involved in the decision making processes. Without the support of the locals it would be difficult for tourism growth and developments to occur. The local community can also generate income, diversify the local economy, preserve culture, conserve the environment and provide educational opportunities (APEC, 2010). Providing educational opportunities is highly essential as it provides them with jobs in the tourism industry. For example locals are hired as tour guides to show the tourist around national parks so that they will get the tourist on the importance of environmental conservation.Local participation in tourism developments may be good but for tourism development occur foreign inv estors are necessary. An example would be building of accommodation for visitors. Majority of the earning s are goes back to the foreign investors leaving almost nothing for local community. A country with diverse cultural background might also pose a problem if there are conflicts among them and deter any foreign investors arouse in investing in that countrys tourism development.Sustainable PlanningSustainable approach is a combination of boosterism, economic, spatial and community while generating income for the local community. This approach brings about the least damage to the environment (Inskeep, 1991). It brings about positive experience for the local people, tourism companies and the tourist themselves. The community benefits from the increase of job opportunities and improvement to the banal of living. Due to environmental protection resources last longer so that the future generations would be able to experience them and preserve them for many more generations to come (N ewsome et al, 2001).Sustainable approach may not be favourable to private sectors whose main objective is to make profits for their businesses. Due to zoning, there is limited interaction with the environment would leave visitors unsatisfied because they are not getting the entire experience of the destination.Challenges face up by TourismThere are many challenges that are approach by the planning of the tourism industry. Tourism planners have to face challenges e preciseday, which includes both man-made as well as by nature to create a perfect and attractive site for tourist at the same time not intruding the privacy of the natives of that destination. The issues are classified as man-made and natural some of them being Terrorism, globose Warming , globular pollution. wellness and safety.TerrorismTourism and terrorism cant co-exist in the same place at the same time. Terrorists research out tourist destinations for a variety of reasons. One of the reasons being is that An attac k on a tourism center is an attack on that nations economy and also the nations security. (Tarlow, Peter E (2002). Terrorism has a strong negative impact even in countries where there is stable political system and strong traditions in the field of democracy. (K, Valery, 2010). The attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon (the single worst terrorist attack in modern history), by contrast, resulted in the deaths of 3,031 persons. (MERIA, 2006). Terrorism has manifested in the fall in States or Europe since the year 2000, has proven to be far too irregular (in terms of the frequency of the attacks) to provide a good overall moving-picture show of terrorisms impact on the social club. (MERIA, 2006)They have proved to be a major factor for tourist decision making. Tourist react very sensitively to such calamities when making their choice of a tourist destination. A single terrorist attack can have a strong influence in a tourist spot or a whole tourist country. Where terror ist actions take lives of tourists the recovery of tourism is very difficult. So tourism is gravely affected by terrorism.Global warmingAnother major problem faced by the tourism industry is Global Warming. Educating the government about clime change should be an supernumerary strategy of the tourism industry. (Eugenio Yunis, 2001) Global warming has been occurring since the late 1800s. Majority of climatologists have concluded that human activities are responsible for global warming. (NASA, 2005). The tourism industry is the stentorian and the most flourishing industry in the world, full of profits and money-making. But due to the both tourism and global warming work hand in hand. As tourism increases global pollution increases which in turn increases global warming. The main characteristics of the northern countries is their low temperatures. With an increase in temperature their climate conditions change. Due to global warming many nations around the world have been faced with climatic conditions such as floods, volcanic eruptions, droughts, tsunami and so on. And this has directly affected the tourism of these destinations. Avalanches may increase and the snow skiing areas will not be considered beneficial and attractive as they will not be safe in the future. They will not remain as the tourist attraction. On the other hand, new areas may become adequate for skiing. In other words, we will be spy a shift in the tourism industry. Because of global warming, people will not be able to go to beaches, scuba diving and snorkelling may have to be stopped then, skiing in the mountains will become just another memory, rising sea waters may sink many monuments like the London Tower, and water may become scarce in places like Leh which has its water source in the glaciers of the Himalayas. Countries like Spain and Greece have a favourable climate have now started becoming too hot to travel and live comfortably. There are some places are becoming major tourism be cause of the positive effects of global warming. By taking some profitable measures and by combating global warming we can help tourism industry flourish again. (Tourism development Guide, 2010).Some nations for eg Indonesia are a nation that has been seriously affected by natural calamities which include flood, active volcanoes, tsunami, forest fire. It has destroyed the economy of the nation and considerably lessen the tourist flow into the region.Health and SafetyIn todays context, to destroy a tourism sites reputation or to cause panic to the public, it takes very little effort. impress for example the outbreak of Sars in Toronto, Canada, once the news spread globally the hotel occupancy rate in the particular region dropped considerably despite the fact that there were no visitors who were stricken with the illness and cautious precautions were taken. This goes the same of the swine flu outbreak in Mexico. Visitors stopped coming to Mexico. World tourism faces a lot of glob al challenges in the event if there is a world pandemic. Examples being are the possibility of quarantines, the panic of airports and other crowded tourist destinations. The fear of not knowing what to do in case of illness in a foreign country, the need for cross-border medical insurance all this leads to second thoughts for a tourist. Tourists and convention planners are acutely aware of how hard the change or the cancellation of reservations both at the hotels and the airlines are. The change and the cancellation fees mean that there is a higher breaker point of travel risk in uncertain times. (Peter E Tarlow, nd)Recent crises like the September 11, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), H1N1 and Avian flu, tsunamis, earthquakes and currently the volcanic ash becloud have impacted the Travel and Tourism economy over the last decade in a very serious. (World Travel and Tourism Council, 2010) In Florida, in order to protect their tourism as their economy depends on the large part of tourism, and as tourism is already down as compared to previous years, in general due to the economic downturn. If news of outbreak of swine flu in Orlando gets out, people might cancel their travel plans and stay home, causing loss of revenue to Florida businesses. Floridas play look outms to be in deny of any infection by citing CDC language, saying There have been no confirmed cases of swine flu by the CDC in primal Florida . But saying that the damage has still incurred no matter how much ever clarification or precaution is done on the situation.Introduction of rudimentary HighlandsCentral Highlands has been controlled by Great Britain until they became independent in 1964. A decade later, they became a republic. Since the mid-1980s, the island has transformed into a freight point, petrol refining point and a tourist destination and has had immense growth both economically and financially. The keystone features of Central Highlands of the Island are that it has a te mperate/sub-tropical island approximately 1 hour by air and 5 hours by ferry from the mainland. There is an established tourism sector on the coast of the island but has experienced a number of environmental problems. They have also faced a number of challenges as they have limited infrastructure, depressed economy and limited natural resources. There are some(prenominal) isolated ethnic groups living within the region and have been ignored in most government policy exercises. They also do have a number of potential tourist attractions which is another important source of their revenue. The regional government there are also exploring the possibility of using tourism as a regional economic development tool. Also infrastructures of the region has immensely grown from the initial stage .InfrastructureThe infrastructure in the central region is limited and because it plays a major role in tourism, tourist are hesitant to travel to the destination. The Government should work to address the challenges which will connect the people with water, electricity, accommodation, roads etc and should try to develop the facilities provided for the welfare of tourist and natives of that region.EducationThe government should introduce laws which guarantee free and compulsory education for all children under the age of 16. Education is every humans right no matter the rich or poor. As education is very important in the tourism industry , resources should be implemented to provide proper training to citizens to bring tourists around. Education also helps as a whole to enrich the countries overall development and clean unemployment from the countries face. It brings a total development to the society and the nations development.PermitsPermits are to ensure that the states have the following facilities to provide better circumstances for the people and the tourist and to keep a control over the carrying outTo reduce the impacts on high-use and sensitive areasSeparate potentially conflicting activitiesEncourage responsible behaviour to all usersCollect selective instruction for planningMonitor activities which may become damaging to the environment and try to remove them or prevent them.Before any activity is undertaken, it is essential to see if the activity is allowed, and whether the activity requires a permit. Activities that require a permit areMost commercial activities, including tourist operationsInstallation and operation of structuresAny works, such as repairs to structures, dredging and dumping of spoil, placement and operation of mooringsAnchoring or mooring for an extended periodWaste discharge from a fixed structureResearch drop for limited impact researchEducational programmesTraditional hunting. (Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, 2010)The nation has to have a overall control of the functioning of certain aspects of the government to increase the development of the region as a whole and to improvise the tourism sector of that partic ular region.Community InvolvementBy letting the community be involved, there will be employment boost, training and economic opportunities for the community. Tourists who are there will respect the customs of the local hosts, pay for local goods and tourism services. For the tourism of any region to boom the particular locality should have a welcoming feeling to foreigners and to make the tourist to feel at home. There shouldn be any kind of negative vibes within the natives and locals of that particular destination against the tourist who flow into that region for tourism purposes, The community of any particular environment plays a major role in developing the tourism of that region. Communities should be made aware and educated about how to welcome foreigners and tourist and providing them with inviting smiles and pleasant conversations so that the tourist dont feel strange or weird of being in a new place. The development of the society and upgrading the knowledge and education level of that particular community. They also help in providing more employment offers to the locals of that area also increase the job offers.Fines and PenaltiesBy implementing fines and penalties to the tourist destination, it helps in conserving the region and preserving the beauty and the naturality of that region. In Central Highland Island, bringing rules and penalties protects the environment and this in turn this will discourage the community from damaging the environment. patch the Central Highlands do have a lot of natural forest and local architecture, Tourist might not be properly educated on how to conserve the region and in not polluting the destination. Tourist flow in from different regions of the world from different cultures and different society so its very important that the tourist destination should have proper rules and public safety officers to overview the entire functioning of the society as a whole, and prevent anyone who dare to be a nuisance to the publ ic.InterpretationAs having guided tours around, they will help to tell stories that are from the community, places (environment), artifacts. They also communicate ideas, enrich the tourist experience. They do have key roles to play in the management and conservation, in this case, as Central Highlands have little development, negative impacts and have substantial remaining natural forest and local architecture. Central Highlands also do have archaeological sites. The communication aspect helps the tourists to discover and appreciate their environment (natural, cultural etc). As the Central Highlands have very strong cultural heritage and unique ethnic groups, having tour guides made up of the community will certainly help the tourist understand more about the culture.ConclusionAs the purpose of this report is to make Central Highlands to be more of a tourist attraction the report has included information on Government Approaches to tourism where the five approaches are listed, Getz (1987) has identified approaches to tourism namely boosterism, economic, physical/spatial, community and sustainable planning. Boosterism, has been around for a long time and currently still used to approach tourism. Sustainable planning is currently in used by tourism planners for the government.Tourism planners should be aware of the challenges faced in tourism are both man-made as well as natural. Tourism industry is affected by terrorism, global warming and health and safety. Currently, tourism planners have to face these challenges as they occur on a regular basis such as Terrorism.In the introduction to Central Highlands, infrastructure, education, permits, community involvement, fines and penalties and interpretation are used as regional development tool to help aid other possibilities of tourism. These tools have to be put in place as more tourists will come, enjoy their stay in the Central Highlands and spend more money.Tourism is very important in many countries as one of their main sources of revenue. Central Highlands economy is based on both the petrol production and tourism. Infrastructure, water and electricity are lacking in Central Highlands, therefore, tourists will not want to come down to the Central Highland for tourism purposes.An issue to be implemented includes educating the ethnic groups in Central Highlands about the importance of having tourism in the country. Ethnic groups are important as their culture is part of what makes the destination attractive and they will be able to educate more tourists about their culture, protect their environment and understanding these interpretations, the tourist will be able to reduce tourism impacts.

Good Man Hard to Find Essay -- essays papers

Good Man profound to FindOConnors A Good Man Is Hard to Find In A Good Man Is hard to Find, Flannery OConner really puts the reader in the marrow class mode and throws a little holiness at us. By this I mean that she takes us to an important part of her mind and soul. One could even say that she lets the Devil come out in her own little way. In reading A Good Man is Hard to Find, we find ourselves in a setting of a lower middle class family with a dominant mother, annoying grandmother and a whinny mother-in-law. I tend to believe that she is to be the main character. The grandmother is representative of godliness and Christianity. However just from this one story I get the feeling that she could be telling of the changes that took place in the US after W.W. II when furiousness began to grow rapidly. Women were coming home from the war, and men were demanding their voting rights. In the 50s crime was on everyones mind, on television and in the moon. OConnors knew taht society was drastically changing for the worse, and she belike knew that one day wed ...

Discrimination in Harrison Bergeron, after you my dear Alphonse, and Th

Discrimination in the Short Stories, Harrison Bergeron, aft(prenominal) you my dear Alphonse, and The LotteryThe trait of discrimination is the basis for the stories, Harrison Bergeron, after you my dear Alphonse, and Lottery. Discrimination is when someone is hated or acted upon negatively for the reason of race, sex, or nationality. In the short stories the authors feelings of discrimination are expressed through the characters differently. In these stories the author has his own feelings and thought depicted through the characters. By the popular theme of discrimination and racism it suggests that these stories were written in the late sixties wee seventies. In the story Harrison Bergeron the whole country is handicapped except for one individual. The one person is Hazel who is thoug...