Causeway - Ancient Man-Made Ritual and Functional Roads

A causeway is a human-constructed functional and/or ceremonial roadway or a set of roadway fragments. In ancient history they are made of earthen or rock structures that typically—but not always—bridged a waterway. Causeways may have been constructed to cross defensive structures, such as moats; irrigation structures, such as canals; or natural wetlands, such as marshes or fens. They often have a ceremonial element to them and their ritual significance can include symbolic passages between the mundane and the sacred, between life and death. Key Takeaways: Causeways Causeways are early types of human-made roads which have practical and ritual functions.The oldest causeways are about 5,500 years old, built to cross ditches and provide access to peat bogs.The Maya people created causeways up to 65 miles in length, crossing miles of forests in a nearly straight line. Causeways are remarkably different in function. Some (like those of the classic Maya) were almost certainly used for parades for diplomatic visits between communities; others such as the 14th-century Swahili coast were used as shipping lanes and ownership markers; or, in the European Neolithic, as trackways assisting navigation through uncertain landscapes. Some causeways are elaborate structures, elevated several feet about the ground such as at Angkor civilization; others are built of planks that bridge peat bogs, those of the Irish bronze age. But all of them are human-constructed roadways  and have some foundation in the history of transportation networks. Earliest Causeways The earliest known causeways are Neolithic bridges, constructed in Europe and dated between 3700 and 3000 BCE. Many Neolithic enclosed settlements had defensive elements, and some had concentric ditches or moats, generally with one or two at most bridges with which to cross. In some special cases, more causeways were built across the ditches then seems necessary, usually at the four cardinal points, allowing people to cross into the interiors from several directions at once. Since such configurations would not be easily defended, enclosed settlements with multiple causeway entrances are considered likely to have had a ceremonial or at least a shared communal aspect. Sarup, a Funnel Beaker site in Denmark occupied between 3400–3200 BC, had a ditch that encircled an area of about 21 acres (8.5 hectares), with several causeways which allow people to cross the ditches. Bronze Age Causeways Bronze Age causeways in Ireland (called tochar, dochair, or togher) are trackways which were built to allow access across and into peat bogs where peat might be cut for fuel. They varied in size and construction material—some were built as a line of planks laid end to end, flanked on each side by two round timbers; others were made of flat stones and gravel laid on a foundation of brushwood. The earliest of these date to about 3400 BCE. Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom pyramids in Egypt often were constructed with causeways connecting the various temples. These causeways were explicitly symbolic—there was no obstacle to be crossed—representing a route that people could use to travel from the Black Land (the land of the living and a place of order) to the Red Land (a place of chaos and the realm of the dead). Beginning in the Old Kingdoms 5th Dynasty, pyramids were built with an orientation following the daily course of the sun across the sky. The oldest causeway at Saqqara was paved with black basalt; by the time of Khufus rule, causeways were roofed and the internal walls were decorated in fine relief, frescos that depicted pyramid construction, agricultural scenes, craftsmen at work and themes of battles between Egyptians and their foreign enemies, and the pharaoh in the presence of gods. Classic Period Maya (600–900 CE) The sacbe (white lane) that leads to the Palacio, Labna, Puuc, Yucatan, Mexico. Mayan civilisation, 7th-10th century. De Agostini / Archivio J. Lange / Getty Causeways were a particularly important form of connection in lowland areas in North America such as those settled by the Maya civilization. There, causeways (known as sacbeob, singular sacbe, connected Maya cities for distances up to about 63 miles (100 kilometers) such as the Late Classic Yaxuna-Coba sacbe. Maya causeways were sometimes built from the bedrock up and can rise as high as 10 feet (3 meters; their widths range from 8 to 40 ft (2.5 to 12 m ), and they connect major Maya city-states. Others are barely above ground level; some cross wetlands and have bridges constructed to cross streams, but others are clearly only ceremonial. Medieval Period: Angkor and the Swahili Coast Short round pillars support the causeway leading to the Baphuon, in Siem Reap, Cambodia. Jeremy Villasis, Philippines / Moment / Getty Images At several sites of the Angkor civilization (9th–13th centuries CE), elevated causeways were constructed as later additions to the immense temples by king Jayavarman VIII (1243–1395). These causeways, perched above the ground atop a series of short columns, provided walkways connecting the major buildings of the temple complexes. They represent only one part of the enormous Khmer road system, a network of canals, pathways and roads which kept the Angkor capital cities in communication. During the height of the Swahili coast trading communities on the east coast of Africa (13th–15th centuries CE), numerous causeways were constructed out of blocks of reef and fossil corals along 75 mi (120 km) of coastline. These causeways were pathways, elevated just above sea level, that extended out perpendicularly from the coast into lagoons at Kilwa Kisiwani Harbor, ending in circular platforms at the seaward side. The fishermen today call them Arab Roads, which is a reference to the oral history which credits the founding of Kilwa to the Arabs, but like Kilwa itself the causeways are known to have been African constructions, built as navigational aids for ships plying the trade route in the 14th-15th centuries and complementing the Swahili urban architecture. These causeways are built of cemented and uncemented reef coral, up to 650 ft (200 m) long, 23–40 ft (7–12 m) wide and built up above the seafloor up to 2.6 ft. (8 m) high. Selected Sources Abdallatif, T., et al. Discovery of the Causeway and the Mortuary Temple of the Pyramid of Amenemhat Ii Using near-Surface Magnetic Investigation, Dahshour, Giza, Egypt. Geophysical Prospecting 58.2 (2010): 307-20. Print.Abramiuk, Marc A. The Discovery of an Ancient Maya Causeway System in the Southern Maya Mountains of Belize. Antiquity 91.357 (2017): e9. Print.Chase, Arlen F., and Diane Z. Chase. The Ancient Maya City: Anthropogenic Landscapes, Settlement Archaeology, and Caracol, Belize. Belize: Institute of Archaeology, NICH, 2016. Print.Chinchilla Mazariegos, Oswaldo Technologies of Urbanism in Mesoamerica: The Pre-Columbian Bridges of Cotzumalhuapa, Guatemala. Antiquity 92.362 (2018): 456-71. Print.Pollard, Edward. Safeguarding Swahili Trade in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries: A Unique Navigational Complex in South-East Tanzania. World Archaeology 43.3 (2011): 458-77. Print.Uchida, E., et al. A Reconsideration of the Construction Period of the Cruciform Terraces and the Elevated Causeways in the Angkor Monuments, Based on the Magnetic Susceptibility of the Sandstone Blocks. Archaeometry 55.6 (2013): 1034-47. Print.

Personal Experience Completing the Medication Management

Within my practice area we currently have one resident who is prescribed daily insulin injections. Our student nurse was in the process of completing her Medication Management OSCE and had never experienced administering insulin. During the learning experience planning (RCN, 2008) the student nurse and I discussed the importance of best practice in relation to the administration of insulin. Insulin is described as being a ‘high alert medication’ as, if administered incorrectly, serious harm can occur. (NPSA, 2010). The student nurse did have previous experience in injection technique and had undertaken related university clinical skills sessions. In order to facilitate an evidence based skills acquisition session I obtained relevant literature, including guidelines, theory and visual aids. I utilised a visual aid in the form of a poster to support the student to develop knowledge around subcutaneous insulin injection technique, selection of injection site and correct pro cedure for injection site rotation (Becton, Dickinson and Company, 2010). I used Peyton’s (1998) four step approach to deliver the teaching session and demonstrated best practice technique as per RCN (2012) guidance. The student nurse was advised to always ensure that once the insulin device is fully depressed the needle should remain in situ for uto ten seconds to avoid insulin leakage (Annerston and Frid 2000, RCN 2012). I involved the student the finding and utilisation of appropriate evidence basedShow MoreRelatedNursing Journal Entry Essays1015 Words   |  5 PagesThe second week of my preceptorship brought many new experiences for me, and I can honestly say that each day I spend with my preceptor is better than the last. 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Australian Corporate Law Understanding Law

Question: Describe about the Australian Corporate Law for Understanding Law. Answer: Issue: The legal issue that arises in this question is if Bob will be able to escape the provisions of Scallop Fishing and Marketing Act if he forms a company. According to this legislation, a quota system has been prescribed and under this system, a person can catch 50 tons of scallops in a single year. On the other hand, Bob's daughter Alice states that if Bob forms a company, he will be able to double his catch as a company is considered as a distinct legal entity that is separate from its members. Relevant law: the relevant legal provision in this regard is the doctrine of separate identity of a corporation. This norm has been provided by the court in the decision given in Salomon v Salomon.[1] In this case, the court came up with the principle that is known as the veil of incorporation. Generally the courts consider that they are bound by this principle. As a result of this principle, it is considered that a fictional veil is present between the members of the company and the company itself.[2] Or in other words, a corporation enjoys a corporate personality that is unique from its members. However there can be certain cases where this corporate veil may be lifted by the courts or the veil may be ignored to impose liability on a person behind the veil or to reveal the real form of the corporation concerned. The rationale that is present behind the notion of piercing the corporate veil is that the law will not allow the persons to misuse or abuse the corporate veil.[3] Therefor e if under the circumstances of a case, the court feels that certain persons are misusing the corporate form, it is available to the court to rip apart the veil and expose the real nature of the company. Therefore in such a case, the court may disregard the principle that has been established in Salomon's case by the House of Lords. Therefore, as mentioned above, the corporations law provides that a legal entity comes into existence on the day of the registration of a company. However, in some cases it is available to the court that this veil of incorporation may be ripped apart and can impose liability on the person behind this veil of incorporation. Therefore in this case, the law allows the court to ignore the legal fiction of the distinct identity of a corporation.[4] This is known as lifting the corporate veil by the court. In this case, the circumstances have been described where the court may decide that the distinct identity of the corporation needs to be ignored and the court should look at the real character of the corporation. The result is that when the court has decided to impale the corporate veil, it has the choice to look beyond the structure of the company for the purpose of imposing rights or duties on the members of the company even if in such a case, if the norm provided in Salmon's case is s trictly applied, the right or the liability cannot be enforced by the court against these members and only the company can be held liable. Therefore when the court has decided that the corporate veil needs to be lifted, the court can ignore the veil and impose the liabilities of the company on the members who have formed the company. But the courts are allowed to do so only under very exceptional circumstances. The result is that still the general rule that is applicable in such cases that the liabilities of the corporation can be imposed only is the corporation and not against its members. Argument on facts: when the relevant legal provisions that have been mentioned above are applied to the facts of this case, it appears that in this case also, the Scallop Fishing and Marketing Act as clearly provided that each person is allowed to catch only 50 tons of scallops per year. But in this case, Bob Beech wants to know if he can escape the application of this legislative provision. For this purpose, his daughter Alice advises him that if he forms a company, he will be in a position to double his catch. The reason is that a company is considered as a distinct legal entity in the eyes of law. Therefore, Alice believes that Bob and the company formed by him will be treated as two persons and they can catch double the quota of scallops. Conclusion: But in this case, Bob's daughter Alice had ignored the fact that if it becomes clear that a company has been formed only for the purpose of evading the liability of its members, the court may rip apart the corporate veil and impose liability on the members of such a corporation. Therefore in the present is also, if it becomes known that the company has been formed by Bob only with a view to escape your application of the Scallop Fishing and Marketing Act, the court may pierce the veil and won't Bob liable for the breach of the provisions of this legislation. As a result it is clear that Bob cannot double the scallops caught by him even if he incorporates a company. 2. Issue: the issue that needs to be decided in this question is if the liability of Nuclear Blast Sounds Pty Ltd can be imposed against its parent company, New Nirvana Ltd. Nuclear Blast Sounds is one of the several subsidiary companies that have been created by New Nirvana for the purpose of establishing its rock concerts. In this regard, Nuclear Blast Sounds as the responsibility to set the sound at the concerts of New Nirvana. However in this case, due to the negligence of Nuclear Blast Sounds, the sound level was set too high and the result was that some members of the audience suffered hearing loss permanently. When these audience members decided to bring a claim against Nuclear Blast Sounds, they came to know that this company does not have the funds to pay the likely damages and in the same way, it does not have any negligence insurance. The result was that these audience members want to know if they can bring a claim against the parent company, New Nirvana as it is in a posi tion to pay the likely damages. Relevant law: According to the corporations law, it is considered that in case of a group of companies, each company has its own distinct identity. At the same time, there is a corporate veil that separates the company and the members of the company. The principle regarding the company being a separate entity was provided in Salmon's case. However, under certain circumstances, it is available to the court to disregard the company as a separate entity and therefore the court may impale the corporate veil.[5] When a group of companies is involved, sometimes it may be decided by the court that the corporate veil needs to be impaled for considering the economic realities that were related with the group of companies.[6] An example in this regard can be given of the case titled D.H.N. food products Ltd. V. Tower Hamlets.[7] Therefore the Court has stated in this case that the separate legal identity of a corporation can be ignored by the courts if under the circumstances, doing so will be just and equitable. In this case, it was the opinion of the court that the corporate veil needs to be impaled regarding a group of companies. The result was that the court arrived at the conclusion that three subsidiary companies of the group were in fact the same economic entity and the result was that the court stated these companies to be entitled to compensation. The general rule that applies in such cases is that when a group of companies is involved, each company of the group needs to be treated as having its own distinct legal identity. But there can be certain cases where the court may decide that they will not be afraid of gays to impale the corporate veil. A similar example was seen in Adams v Cape Industries.[8] The issue in this case deals with the application of a foreign judgment against the company. However while arriving at its decision in the case, the court was of the opinion that each company, forming a part of the group needs to be treated as having its own distinct identity. Therefore, the decision of the court was that when a group of companies is involved, the general principle will be that each company, forming a part of such group should be considered as a distinct entity. However, under the circumstances mentioned above, in some cases the court may arrive at the decision that the general principle should be disregarded a nd the corporate veil needs to be impaled so that the liabilities of the subsidiary company may be imposed on its parent company. Application of the law: In this case, Nuclear Blast Sounds does not have the funds that may be required to pay the likely damages to the audience members and at the same time, this company does not have negligence insurance. Under these circumstances, the audience members who have suffered hearing loss want to bring a claim against the parent company of Nuclear Blast Sounds, New Nirvana Ltd. Conclusion: However this can be allowed only if these audience members can establish that New Nirvana Ltd. has complete control over the activities of Nuclear Blast Sounds and as a result, the corporate veil needs to be impaled and the liabilities of the subsidiary company needs to be imposed on New Nirvana Ltd. 3. Issue: There are two issues that need to be decided in this question. First of all, it has to be seen if the clause mentioned in the constitution of Millennium Pty Ltd can be enforced by Don in his position as the company's solicitor. At the same time, it also needs to be seen if the cause is unforeseeable which provides that whenever a dispute may arise between the company and its members, such dispute should be taken before an arbitrator before starting legal proceedings. Relevant law: the relevant provision in this regard section 140 of the Corporations Act, 2001. This section provides that the company's constitution needs to be considered as a contract that has been concluded between the corporation and its members; the corporation and its directors or a contract between individual members of the corporation. But in this regard it is to be mentioned that the contractual effect of the companies constitution is only restricted to these situations. The relevant case that can be applied on the above-mentioned facts is that of Eley v Positive Life Assurance Co Ltd.[9] In this case, Eley was acting as company's solicitor and it was mentioned in the articles of the company that he will remain the company's solicitor for a lifetime. Later on, he also became a member of the company. But after some time, the company decided to remove him from his position as the company's solicitor. As a result, he started legal proceedings for the breach of contract. However the court did not agree with the submissions of Eley. The code was of the opinion that the contractual effect of articles was limited to Eley's position as a member of the company. Therefore, he cannot enforce this right as the company's solicitor. Another case that deals with the second issue in this question is Hickman v Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep-breeders Association.[10] In this case, the companies constitution provided that if there was a dispute among the company and members, before starting any legal proceedings, such dispute should be taken to an arbitrator. But in this case, Hickman started legal proceedings in a court directly without taking the dispute before an arbitrator first of all. The result was that the court stated that because of the constitution can be enforced by the company against its members. Consequently, the proceedings in the court were stayed. Application: in the present case also, Don is willing to enforce a clause of the constitution of Millennium Pty Ltd not in his capacity as the company's member but as its solicitor. Therefore in this case, he cannot be allowed to do so. On the other hand, the clause which provides that a dispute should be referred to an arbitrator, is legally enforceable. Hence the company can prevent Don from taking recourse to legal action without referring to this due to an arbitrator first of all. Conclusion: Don cannot enforce the clause of the Constitution according to which he was to act as the company's solicitor for all the transactions of the company. But the company can enforce the clause which provides that a dispute has to be taken to an arbitrator before starting legal proceedings. References Harris, J. Hargovan, A. Adams, M. 2015, Australian Corporate Law LexisNexis Butterworths 5th edition Latimer, P, 2016, Australian Business Law CC, Edition Lipton P, Herzberg A and Welsh, M, 2016, Understanding Company Law, 18th edition, Thomson Reuters Parker, G. and Sangkuhl W., 2015, Understanding Business Law 7th ed LexisNexis Butterworths Stephen Graw, 2011, An Introduction to the Law of Contract, 7th Ed., Thomson Reuters. Vermeesch,R B, Lindgren, K E, 2011, Business Law of AustraliaButterworths, 12th Edition Case Law Adams v Cape Industries plc [1990] Ch 433 DHN Food Distributors Ltd v Tower Hamlets London Borough Council [1976] 1 WLR 852 Eley v Positive Life Assurance Co Ltd [1876] 1 Ex D 88 Hickman v Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep-breeders Association [1915] 1 Ch D 881 Salomon v Salomon Co [1897] AC 22

Organ Donation Essay Paper Example For Students

Organ Donation Essay Paper In March of 1999, I was given a gift from a person I never knew; a person Ill never get to know. This gift cost the person who gave it to me, no money, but it was the most valuable gift Ill ever receive. The gift was a piece of life from another person. At the age of twenty-four, I broke my hip. After three unsuccessful surgical attempts to heal it, my doctors performed a total hip replacement. The top four inches of my femur were sawed off, and the inside of my bone was hollowed out. A steel rod, nine inches long, was pressed fit into my bone. I was on crutches for over a year, but I really believed I would be able to walk on my own again. Less than one year after the surgery, I was back on crutches and in terrible pain. I had developed stress fractures in several places along my femur. For nearly one year I walked only when it was necessary and ate painkillers as though they were candy. Finally, my doctors decided to try something new. On March 9, 1999, my doctors took a rib bone, donated from a cadaver, split it in half, and wired it around my broken femur. Less than two months later, I was off crutches and walking normally for the first time in almost five years. I could actually enjoy life. I was lucky. I wasnt going to die if I had no donor, donated bone is easier to acquire that a heart, lung or kidney. Other people are not as lucky. Patients waiting for one of those life-sustaining organs must rely on the generosity of others, and the misfortune of that generous person. Someone must die, in order for that person to live. No one likes to talk about death, but lets face it, we all die. Dying is a part of life. Many people dont talk about organ donation because it involves talking about death. But, what if, from our death, we could give another person a chance to live, or merely improve the quality of his or her life?As of September 1999, over 65,000 people wait, with their name on a list, for a life saving organ. Only a fraction of those will live long enough to receive that organ. Many people are not aware of what it actually means to be an organ donor. An organ donor is someone who has previously consented to donate his or her organs after death. Organ donations are usually taken from victims of motor vehicle accidents, gun shot wounds, strokes or major head injury. Organs that can be donated are heart, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas and intestines, also tissues such as skin, bone, and ligaments can be donated. According to the Center for Organ Recovery and Education (CORE), between 10,000 and 12,000 people die annually who are considered medically suitable for organ donations, yet, only an estimated 5,200 donate(www.core.org 11 Nov 99). One of the most common reasons for objecting to organ donation is a belief that doctors will not try to save ones life if they are aware he or she is an organ donor. The only way to completely convince someone that this would never happen is to explain the whole process of organ donation. First, and most important, if a person is dead, he or she can not be an organ donor. If someone dies outside the hospital setting or in the emergency room of a cardiac death, he would be able to donate tissues and corneas, not organs(www.core.org 11 Nov 99). Organ donations are taken from people who have been pronounced brain dead. Extensive tests are done on the donor to determine that the brain has stopped working. Lifesaving measures are taking place continuously throughout. When brain death occurs, blood is no longer flowing to the brain. The brain has ceased functioning. The victim can not breathe on his own. When a person suffers from a brain injury, the brain swells and creates pressure. Sometimes this pressure is so great it prevents blood flow to the brain, the result being brain death. After brain death is determined the potential donor is sent to intensive care. Doctors notify the family of the potential donor and obtain consent for organ donation. At this point the patien t is still, essentially alive, only being kept this way by machinery. However, his brain is no longer functioning. The doctors who are taking care of him are entirely separate from the doctors who will handle the donation procedure. .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46 , .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46 .postImageUrl , .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46 , .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46:hover , .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46:visited , .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46:active { border:0!important; } .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46:active , .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46 .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1d160000fe099458d68300ceedff7b46:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Case Creve Couer Pizza, Inc EssayAccording to Dr. Punch, In reality, you must be more dead to be brain dead than is necessary to be declared dead. As weird as this sounds, you officially dead when a licensed physician declares you deadyou are brain dead when a complex set of conditions are satisfied that vary from state to state and hospital to hospital (www.transweb.org 07 Nov 99). When consent is given the potential donors vital information is put into a computer and matches are printed out for recipients in that area. Time is critical. Organs can only be out of the body for a certain amount of time. Once the organs are harvested from the donor, they are packed in ice and transported to the transplant location, by the quickest means possible. Again, only 10,000 to 12,000 people die each year in a way that enables them to become organ donors, one can understand the urgency of pre-consenting to organ donation. Another common objection to organ donation is ones religious beliefs. However, according to CORE, Major organized religions support donation, typically considering it a generous act(www.core.org 11 Nov 99). Many people have expressed feelings that well connected people, or wealthy people receive organs for transplant quicker than others do, for example, Mickey Mantle receiving a liver. Many people stated it was because he was famous. However, Dr. Punch states, There is absolutely no evidence that he was not the most ill person in his region of the country on the day he got his liver transplant(www.transweb.org 07 Nov 99). Organs are matched within regions. When CORE receives information of a potential donor, that persons height, weight and blood type are put into a computer. A list is then printed out of most medically in need of the organ. Sometimes, there is more than one name on that list, then the time ones name has been on the list becomes the determining factor. In essence the organ goes to the sickest patient, if there is more than one, then the one who has been on the list the longest, receives the organ. Concerns about having an open casket funeral if one chooses to donate his or her organs is also a factor in deciding to become an organ donor. Many people fear their bodies will be mutilated in the organ recovery process. CORE states, Donated organs, tissues and eyes are removed surgically, in an operation similar to gall bladder or appendix removal. Normal funeral arrangements are possible(www.core.org 11 Nov 99). Procedures have been developed to make it hard to distinguish if that person was an organ donor. In addition, one can specify which organs or tissues he or she wants to donate with prior consent to organ donation and discussion with family members. For example, if one does not want his whole eye donated, the cornea of the eye can be surgically removed and used for transplant, while the eye itself is left intact. Another common objection to organ donation is the belief that one might be too old for donation. But, organs may be donated from someone as young as newborn, and there are no age limits for organ donation. Along with this, people often believe that they may not be healthy enough to donate. At the time of brain death, complete medical history is taken from the potential donors family. Tests are performed to determine that no damage has been done to vital organs. CORE states, With the exception of AIDS, very few diseases-including diabetes-prevent someone from donating(www.core.org 11 Nov 99). Misconceptions aside, the lack of organ donors is a result of non-communication. If one wishes to be an organ donor, and has signed a donor card, often the consent of his or her family must still be given. Ones family must be aware of his or her wishes about organ donation. Jeffery Prottas states in his book, The Most Useful Gift, Willingness to donate ones own organs is relevant to actual donation, however, only if that decision is communicated to ones family(55). A study done by Prottas and Batten, in 1991, revealed 90% of respondents approve of organ donation, but, only 46% of those have discussed it with their families. And, only 53% would donate the organs of a relative who had not discussed the issue(Prottas 56) Communication is a huge factor in organ donation. Merely signing a donor card is not enough. One must discuss the issue with family members. .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8 , .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8 .postImageUrl , .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8 , .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8:hover , .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8:visited , .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8:active { border:0!important; } .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8:active , .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8 .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u15de1901cf9ad04b1adddfb71ff260b8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Farm Subsidies - A Necessary EssayThe lists of people waiting for donated organs are not getting shorter. New names are added each day. Me must make a decision about organ donation, and make our families aware of our wishes. One organ, tissue and eye donation may help between 200 and 400 people(www.core.org 11 Nov 99). Organ and tissue donation not only saves lives; it greatly improves the quality of some peoples lives. Twelve people on that list will die today. Picture the name of a loved one on that list. Wouldnt you hope and pray, that someone, in his or her death had agreed to donate that heart or liver your loved one needed to continue to live? We may not be able to help today, or tomorrow, but someday, although it may be sad, our death could give another life. BibliographyCenter for Organ Recovery and Education Home Page. General Statistics and Questions. http://www.core.org.html 11 Nov 99. Punch, Jeffery MD. Can well-connected people like Mickey Mantle get transplants faster? http://www.transweb.org/qa 07 Nov 99. Prottas, Jeffery. The Most Useful Gift: Altruism and the Public Policy of Organ Donation and Transplants. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Pub., 1994. Creative Writing

Music Lyrics Do Not Promote Violence free essay sample

Rap music can be considered a style of art, and a way for the artists to express feelings through their words on paper. However, there are quite a few rap artists that get criticized for their lyrics. In my essay, I want to discuss why rappers use certain lyrics in their music and why people shouldnt believe that it causes violence among the younger generations. People shouldnt censor the music Just because of violent, vulgar and abusive messages it promotes to the world.I believe in my own mind, that there is a reason for these types of lyrics hat rap artists use and I will simply explain those reasons in this essay. Rap has been called one of the most Important music forces to emerge In two decades. Its pounding beats and staccato rhymes exploded on the streets of the urban America In the early asses and since have become the theme music and lyrical heart of the vibrant youth culture called hip-hop ( SIRS 1993). We will write a custom essay sample on Music Lyrics Do Not Promote Violence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are many different types of rap artist. There are some that talk about money, some talk about righteousness, and the list goes on and on. Every rap artist had their own way of expressing themselves. There are those that talk about sex, drugs, and violence who receive the negative attention( SIRS 1993). People, think this so- called gangster rap Is a bad Influence on children In the world and that It promotes violence and that It also Is abusive to women. Dolores Tucker, head of national congress of black women has been among those pressuring different record companies to stop distributing gangster rap music. There were other significant names that participated in this action.Names like Senate Majority leader Bob dole, and former education Secretary William J. Bennett(Surveys, pig. 1). There are some rap artists that have been openly criticized for their lyrics. Rappers Like Ill Kim, Too Short, Snoop Doggy Dog, and a member from Too Live Crew, named Luke Jaywalker. These rap artists In the past have been appointed for the things they say in their music. Ill Kim talks about sex in her music, Too Short talks about drugs, sex, and how much of a pimp he is, and Luke Jaywalker talks about girls and sex.The lyrics that these rap artist use in their music might not e suitable for everybody to listen to but I dont think their music should be banned or criticized because you dont have to listen to It If you dont choose to. Rap music, how much Influence does It really have on Its youthful listeners? Many, from record company executives to high school students agree that it plays a critical role in the lives of many tans, affecting the way they dance, dress and speak(Slurs 1993). Personally, I feel that rap music is a form of art.I think it takes a great deal of talent to write lyrics that rap artists write, because you have to use metaphors and similes, ND at the same time get your point across so the listeners can understand. I give rappers a great deal of credit because I know It took them a long time to get where their at today, and I know It takes a tremendous amount of time to write a song. Its also true and strongly agree with that rap artists use lyrics that reflect on their childhood and the way they grew up.That could be the reason why gangster rappers and rappers talk about sex, drugs, and violence in their music because that was what they were exposed to through out their life. Rap artists generally write about what they know because it is easier to write about things and situations that you know, and situations that involve those subjects. Not Just write about them in hopes to cause more violence in our world. Young rap fans caution it is wrong and simplistic to believe music can dictate their actions. Upbringing and circumstance steer a childs behavior, they say, not a record on a turntable or a performer posturing on stage(Newsweek, 1998).There are other reasons why gangster rappers should not be criticized for their lyrics. One reason is that I would rather hear gangster rappers talk about violence on the streets than them actually going out on the streets and participate in the violence. Another reason why rappers shouldnt be criticized is because the world was violent long before rap was invented, and it is not rap music that is making the world more violent then it is already. I strongly believe that people have the freedom of choice to listen to rap music and if you dont like what rap artists talk about, then you do not have to listen to the music.If people didnt have a choice hat would be one thing, but as long as people have a choice to do or not to do something then they shouldn t try to criticize it. To me, rap music is more than a strain. It is the reflection of horrible suffering, struggle and pain of the ghetto life. I feel that art reflects life, so I ask myself why arent the National Black leaders like Dolores Tucker, more concerned about where the source of rap music exists than the work denuding these types of harsh conditions(Slurs 1993). I think that kids know the difference between right and wrong, music and reality.They know its not right to go kill somebody and if there driven to that, thats not the fault of the music, says Jon Chester, editor of The Source, a rap magazine(SIRS 1993). If the people throughout the world that criticize gangster rap music would begin to really care then they would try to find and fix the conditions that this art of music comes from and stop criticizing the artist. In other words, the abusive language and rise of violence found in most gangster rap songs are the reality of our present day society. Americans should be tauter enough to realize that not talking about something wont cause it to go away. People talk about the violence of gangster rap music, but look at the violence we see on television everyday, on almost every channel you turn to. Violence is everywhere, you might see or hear something violent every day of your life, whether it is on television, radio or in real life. Violence has been existing for hundreds and hundreds of years, gangster rap music hasnt remotely made violence more intense or worse than it already is( Surveys, pig. 1).So is it then fair to pin point rap music and blame its lyrics on the violence happening around the world? Teen-eager, both black and Latino, say it is the driving beat that attracts them and many other young people to rap. That, and the musics honesty(Slurs 1993). Its not the guns and drugs that make them like the music. The rappers arent saying to solve a problem you must kill, they are Just stating what they know. In which, ever since they were young, that violence around them always ends in a shooting or stabbing, so is it right to blame them for singing about it when really they learned it from television?Sex in rap music shouldnt be criticized either because look at all the pornography that is in the world today. There are magazines that are being sold nearly everywhere. They have triple X rated movies that could be purchase and you could rent these kind of movies at your nearest video store(Showbiz, pig. 1). So, lyrics that talk about sex cant hardly be no worse than the movies and magazines being sold all over the world today. When used in their neighborhoods growing up, and maybe they had to sell drugs for a while to put food on their table( Newsweek 1998).I feel, people get confused about what the rap artist is trying to say to people. They are missing the whole point. Just because rap artists talk about drugs in their songs doesnt mean they are actually selling the drugs or using the drugs. These rap artists are making thousands of dollars Just by making records, why would they go out and sell drugs? That doesnt make any sense. There are plenty of artists that are positive, and speak positive aspects in their music about life, like A Tribe Called Quest, the Roots, De La Soul, and many others.So for those that think that rap music has a negative effect on children, and people in the world, there are a lot of rappers that speak unity, and things that are positive about life(Showbiz, pig). If a person could listen to some of these positive rap artists, they could learn about life. There have been plenty of times where I was in a terrible mood or I was upset about something, and I popped in a CD of a rapper, and after I was finished listening to the CD I felt much better. The words and phrases used, are words of actual life events and the positive things or outcomes of them.In inclusion, I speak in favor of gangster rap, and I dont think people should criticize these rap artists because they are speaking the truth. Situations theyve been in are shown through their lyrics and we need to try to find the source of the problem instead of criticizing the person speaking about the problem. Drugs, Sex, and Violence are what gangster rappers are considered to be glorifying, but drugs, sex, and violence was in effect long before rap music was even thought of and so we shouldnt use the type of music against the type of behavior caused by teens around the world. Word Count: 1667

Film Analysis - Gattaca essays

Film Analysis - Gattaca essays Gattaca is a film about conquering the human gene via genetic manipulation and how this technology cannot eradicate the problems of human nature. This assumes that to manipulate human genetics is justifiable and that human nature is a flaw. This film is about human nature triumphing over a society in which perfect DNA is the only measure of success. There are many examples of scientific advances in Gattaca. The main advance is genetic engineering and the ability to extract potential diseases of faults from a persons DNA, and the ability to conduct DNA testing within seconds rather than the weeks that it currently takes. Other advances include using solar power as the main energy source, electric cars and regular, frequent space travel. Science has been able to eliminate physical imperfections but even the strict and harsh environment of Gattaca cannot remove or limit human emotions and frailties. This film shows that while technology can eradicate many physical imperfections it is actually Gattaca itself which forces people to resort to flawed behavior. The first scene in which we see Gattaca we see expressionless, robotic workers, uniform in manner and dress. Although there is no dialogue here we are aware the Gattaca is a sterile and emotionless environment, no body talks to anybody else and there is no social interaction. Irenes comment, Can you please make sure that I dont lose my place is indicative of the extreme competitiveness of this society. Another example is the scene where we see the fitness training. Irene is dismissed summarily You can go back to your work now Irene when she does not perform well physically. The director's comments maybe there should be a new measuring stick and No-one exceeds their potential are symptomatic of Gattaca society - only the best is acceptable. Vincent is an example of human nature triumphing over t...

Figurative Language in Verbal Communication Literature review

Figurative Language in Verbal Communication - Literature review Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that gaining knowledge of the function of figurative language in effective communication necessitates an understanding of the interpersonal processes of everyday interaction. Individuals express themselves figuratively for purposes of civility, to escape liability for the introduction of what is conveyed, to articulate insights that are hard to communicate employing exact language, and to articulate ideas in a dense and vibrant way (Jacques 2006). Hence, figurative language is employed to articulate and induce emotions in numerous forms of conversational contexts. Politics is an excellent domain to view how figurative language may be used particularly to induce specific emotions (Jacques 2006), which may consequently affect an individual’s perception of several issues. Politicians are prominent, or controversial, for their application of figurative language to stir up emotions. Take for instance the deliberation that occurred in 1991 i n the U.S. Senate over whether the nation should intervene militarily against Iraq for its attack on Kuwait (Sadri & Flammia 2011). Figurative language was extensively exercised by the Democrats and the Republican to strengthen their arguments. For example, a Republican senator attempted to stir up the public’s emotional reaction to Hussein by portraying him in dramatic figurative expressions (Sadri & Flammia 2011: 156): Saddam Hussein is like a glutton—a geopolitical glutton. He is sitting down at a big banquet table, overflowing with goodies. And let me tell you—like every glutton, he is going to have them all. Kuwait is just the appetizer. He is gobbling it up—but it is not going to satisfy him. After a noisy belch or two, he is going to reach across the table for the next morsel. What is it going to be? Saudi Arabia? He is going to keep grabbing and gobbling. It is time to let this grisly glutton know the free lunch is over. It is time for him to pay the bill. Hence, this paper argues that figurative language can communicate understated indications of meaning in a manner that exact language cannot. Specifically, various figurative terms strongly express an individual’s figurative idea of the emotional encounter. Various empirical and linguistic scholars substantiate this assumption (Walch Publishing 2007). Moreover, according to Jacques (2006), one indication of meaning that metaphorical language may convey is the extent of emotion. In everyday life, individuals do not merely reveal emotional encounters with partners, friends, and family members, but these emotional encounters may comprise these family members and close friends in varied ways. Due to this, emotional communication is prone to be moderated by issues of face management and by standards of self-recognition of emotions (Walch Publishing 2007). A number of studies have reported findings consistent with the assumption that face management issues and social stand ards influence emotional communication.  

Business Memo on AVON Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Memo on AVON - Essay Example More and more women aspired to be more than just homemakers and part time sales women and more importantly fewer women purchased products door to door. New innovative ways of selling such products are being adopted by its competitors like specialty retail chains. Selling through internet was taking off in a big way. There were no doubt many other reasons also contributed for this; product positioning and price (Avon’s products had little appeal with teens and many lower-income women found Avon’s products too expensive), poor brand image (not glamorous), inadequate research and lack of new products, but these as has been seen could be quickly addressed with appropriate results. While suggesting solutions to problems, it is being taken without questioning for the time being that the company does not want to change its core value of reaching customers predominantly through its direct representatives. Avon is the world’s largest direct seller of beauty products (Miller and associates, 107). Whether the company is deriving competitive edge through this strategy is not verifiable because of lack of data. Assuming it does, the solution to the problem will have to address the issue of how to better equip its sales representatives to deliver better. The solution in brief would see the entire marketing model is reengineered to see that the selling agents add substantial value as channel partners to the company, as well as create scope for themselves to earn much more and find self-fulfillment in their association with Avon. Such an exercise should also make it possible for the company to become flexible in deciding its channels of marketing. Players in the CFT industry operate in an oligopolistic market (Oligopoly watch 19 March 2006). No company derives advantage from one sole unique competitive advantage. They follow several strategies

Grant proposal Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Grant - Research Proposal Example In many instances, these convicted felons are injured while in correctional facilities and due to the lack of funds due to their poor backgrounds, LITTLE Engineers aim at improving the quality of life of such students in correspondence to CCPH aims by restoring their health. The drastic positive shift of this technology influences business, society, and government. We plan to collaborate with other organizations like the Federal Bonding Program, Work Opportunity Tax Credit, and Workforce Investment Act (WIA) that look into the welfare of such students including the University of Houston Graduate College, which will further the skills of the convicted felons. METHODS: The Work Opportunity Tax Credit and Federal Bonding Program help us manage our foundation with the local Houston community center. A family oriented approach incorporated in the rehabilitation process of the convicted felons. As a result, our program has a limited number of individuals, which leaves the convicted felons feeling like a family and embrace the new technologies that build their self-esteem and restores their health. Moreover, the training curriculum incorporated in the program is healthy in terms of preventing the felons from engaging in illegal activities. We have an on-the-job-training environment for technology, information, and training for customer skills. OBJECTIVE: In Houston, the number of convicted felons is rising and is affecting the development of Houston and other major Texas cities. There are programs offered by Houston and Texas governments, but they are not able to accommodate the rising numbers of convicted felons. As a result, our program plans to reach out to 100 students and give them a chance to reach their dreams by restoring their lives and that of their other convicts. The collaborative effort of employees and staff personnel has seen the convicts benefit from the information and skills impacted and offered by LITTLE Engineers. These convicts are the future lead ers and as an organization, we have seen the need to advocate for promoting hard work, commitment, and embracing of new technology in the society. The work ethic and dedication they learn from LITTLE Engineers will help them learn and utilize the knowledge for the rest of their lives. As a result, the lives of both college students and the community will be changed forever. LITTLE Engineers Overview The rise of immoral behavior is a factor that has contributed to the rise of school dropouts in major cities and towns (Marchevsky and Theoharis ). The Federal Bonding Program, Work Opportunity Tax Credit, and Workforce Investment Act (WIA) has been able to team up with the LITTLE Engineers in overseeing the activities of community building through healthy living education workshops. LITTLE Engineers are aware of the need to familiarize students with the technological systems in the medical field and have formed partnerships with other organizations to give rehabilitation services to be able to succeed in the current work environment. Background Convicted felons in the United States have increased at an alarming rate that has brought the attention of many organizations because the health of young people is in jeopardy. It

Ministerial responsibility is the cornerstone

Ministerial responsibility is the cornerstone In medieval times, the royal will was signified in documents bearing royal seal and was applied by one of the King’s ministers. Maitland has described this practice as being â€Å"the foundation for our modern doctrine of ministerial responsibility – that for every exercise of the royal power some minister is answerable†[1]. This essay will consider the modern doctrine of ministerial responsibility and examine the extent to which it forms, in modern political times, the cornerstone of accountability in the UK constitution. The convention of ministerial responsibility has been described by Loveland as â€Å"perhaps the most important non-legal rule within our constitution†[2]. The convention may be said to be concerned with regulating the conduct of government activities, both in respect of Ministers’ relations with each other, and with the two Houses of Parliament[3]. Ministerial responsibility comprises of two branches: collective responsibility and individual responsibility[4]. Collective ministerial responsibility may be further reduced into three main rules: the confidence rule; the unanimity rule, and; the confidentiality rule[5]. Through the operation of these rules, Ministers of the Government all appear to others to share the same policy opinions, whatever their own personal views. They are therefore collectively responsible for any decisions made by the Government and the Government as a whole should resign if it loses confidence. The doctrine of collective responsibility was stated in 2005 in the following form: â€Å"Collective responsibility requires that Ministers should be able to express their views frankly in the expectation that they can argue freely in private while maintaining a united front when decisions have been reached. This in turn requires that the privacy of opinions expressed in Cabinet and Ministerial Committees should be maintained.†[6] It therefore follows that where a Minister does not wish to be publicly accountable to Parliament and the electorate for a Governmental decision, he should resign from the Government. This occurred, for example, when Robin Cooke resigned over the Labour Government’s decision to invade Iraq in 2003[7]. Collective ministerial responsibility allows all members of Government to be accountable as a whole, thus avoiding arguments and blame-shifting between different Ministers and Departments. In this way, collective responsibility enhances the accountability of Government. Individual ministerial responsibility is the convention that a Minister answers to Parliament for his department, with praise and blame being addressed to the minister and not civil servants[8]. It has been said that â€Å"the fundamental purpose of the convention of individual ministerial responsibility is that it provides an important means of drawing information into the public domain†[9] The principle has often been associated with the idea that ministers must resign in cases of official wrongdoing[10] but it also encompasses Ministers’ on-going obligations to account to Parliament for their departments’ work[11]. However, in 2000, Jowell and Oliver suggested that ministerial responsibility to Parliament had been â€Å"significantly weakened over the last ten years or so†¦ so that it can no longer be said, in our view, that it is a fundamental doctrine of the constitution†[12]. Their opinion may have been influenced by the structural changes in government. During the 20th century tasks of the state expanded and vast Whitehall departments were created, with the effect that ministers could not oversee all aspects of the departments’ work[13]. Executive ‘Next Steps’ agencies created since 1988 had the specific purpose of delegating managerial power. Indeed, as Turner states: â€Å"Ministerial responsibility, however, is a different matter in the modern era. It has shrunk, it seems, almost to nothing, thanks, in no small part, to the creation of â€Å"independent† agencies to undertake the work of government.†[14] Where civil servants have great authority, the question arises as to what extent a Minister is responsible for any acts of maladministration, and whether maladministration results in a duty to resign. Is it fair to hold the Minister responsible? If not, who should be and how does this affect accountability? As Tomkins notes, during the Major Government’s office from 1990 to 1997 â€Å"Ministers and senior civil servants†¦ proposed a number of initiatives that sought significantly to undermine the tenets of individual responsibility†[15]. It was claimed that Ministers were responsible only for those decisions in which they were directly and personally involved. Michael Howard claimed, after serious failings leading to Prison escapes, that Ministers were responsible to Parliament only for policy matters, with â€Å"operational† failings falling outside the scope of individual responsibility[16]. Furthermore, it was argued that where Ministers had misled Parliament, they should resign only if they had done so knowingly rather than inadvertently[17]. In this way Ministerial responsibility was weakened, with accountability becoming more prominent. A minister may be said to be accountable to Parliament for everything which occurs in a department, having a duty to inform Parliament about the policies and decision of the department and to announce when something has gone wrong. However, this does not bring with it responsibility in the sense that the Minister takes the blame. In 1997 the Ministerial Code reformulated ministerial responsibility to the effect that: Ministers must uphold the principle of collective responsibility; (b) Ministers have a duty to Parliament to account, and be held to account, for the policies, decisions and actions of their departments and agencies; (c) it is of paramount importance that Ministers give accurate and truthful information to Parliament, correcting any inadvertent error at the earliest opportunity. Ministers who knowingly mislead Parliament will be expected to offer their resignation to the Prime Minister; (d) Ministers should be as open as possible with Parliament, refusing to provide information only when disclosure would not be in the public interest†¦; (e) Ministers should similarly require civil servants who give evidence before Parliamentary Committees on their behalf and under their direction to be as helpful as possible in providing accurate, truthful and full information†¦[18] This new formulation would suggest that it is now ministerial accountability rather than responsibility which forms the cornerstone of accountability in the UK constitution. Unless there is fully open Government, there may be situations which arise where no person will take responsibility for actions and Ministers’ relationship with the Civil Service will be fundamentally changed. As Hennessy points out: â€Å"For the Civil Service the buck-stopping question is of crucial importance. Under the doctrine of ministerial responsibility, ministers are the ultimate can-carriers for everything done by the civil service in their name†[19]. This will no longer be the case where a Minister’s responsibility ends with alerting Parliament to a problem. Bibliography Allen, M. Thompson, B., Cases and Materials on Constitutional and Administrative Law, 9th Edition, (2008), OUP Bamforth, N., â€Å"Political accountability in play: the Budd Inquiry and David Blunkett’s resignation†, (2005), Public Law, 229 Bradley, A.W. Ewing, K.D., Constitutional and Administrative Law, 14th Edition (2007), Pearson Longman Brazier, R., â€Å"It is a Constitutional Issue: Fitness for Ministerial Office in the 1990s†, (1994), Public Law, 431 Cooke, R., The Point of Departure (2003), Simon and Schuster Hansard, HC cols 31-46 (January 10, 1995) Hennessy, P., Whitehall, (1989), Secker Warburg Hough, B., â€Å"Ministerial responses to parliamentary questions: some recent concerns†, (2003), Public Law, 211 Jowell, J. Oliver, D., The Changing Constitution, 4th Edition, (2000), OUP Lewis, N. Longley, D., â€Å"Ministerial Responsibility: The Next Steps†, (1996), Public Law, 490 Loveland, I., Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, and Human Rights: A Critical Introduction, 4th Edition, (2006), OUP, Maitland, Constitutional History, Marshall, G., Constitutional Conventions, (1984) Ministerial Code: a Code of Ethics and Procedural Guidance for Ministers (reissued, July 2005) Tomkins, A., The Constitution after Scott: Government Unwrapped, (1998), Clarendon Tomkins, A., Public Law, (2003), OUP Turner, A., â€Å"Losing heads over the lost data†, (2007), 171, Justice of the Peace, 841 1 Footnotes [1] Maitland, Constitutional History, pg 203 [2] Loveland, I., Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, and Human Rights: A Critical Introduction, 4th Edition, (2006), OUP, pg 306 [3] Loveland, ibid, pg 306 [4] Allen, M. Thompson, B., Cases and Materials on Constitutional and Administrative Law, 9th Edition, (2008), OUP, pg 251 [5] Marshall, G., Constitutional Conventions, (1984), pg 55-56 [6] Ministerial Code: a Code of Ethics and Procedural Guidance for Ministers (reissued, July 2005), para 6.17 [7] Cooke, R., The Point of Departure, pg 115 [8] Bradley, A.W. Ewing, K.D., Constitutional and Administrative Law, 14th Edition (2007), Pearson Longman, pg 114 [9] Hough, B., â€Å"Ministerial responses to parliamentary questions: some recent concerns†, (2003), Public Law, 211 [10] See e.g. Lewis, N. Longley, D., â€Å"Ministerial Responsibility: The Next Steps†, (1996), Public Law, 490; Brazier, R., â€Å"It is a Constitutional Issue: Fitness for Ministerial Office in the 1990s†, (1994), Public Law, 431 [11] Bamforth, N., â€Å"Political accountability in play: the Budd Inquiry and David Blunkett’s resignation†, (2005), Public Law, 229 [12] Jowell, J. Oliver, D., The Changing Constitution, 4th Edition, (2000), OUP, p. viii [13] Bradley Ewing, ibid, pg 114 [14] Turner, A., â€Å"Losing heads over the lost data†, (2007), 171, Justice of the Peace, 841 [15] Tomkins, A., Public Law, (2003), OUP, pg 140-141 [16] Hansard, HC cols 31-46 (January 10, 1995) [17] Tomkins, A., The Constitution after Scott: Government Unwrapped, (1998), Clarendon, pg 41-45 [18] HC Deb, 19 March 1997, col 1046 [19] Hennessy, P., Whitehall, (1989), Secker Warburg, pg 502

Who is to blame Essay -- essays research papers

Who Is To Blame? â€Å"Frankenstein†, one of the key texts in modern literature, was written by Mary Shelley in 1818 when she was only 21. The novel was first published anonymously, and the author was only later revealed to be Shelley. When she republished the book in 1831, with changes to the story, Shelley had finally answered the question she had been asked several times: how could such a young girl write about such horrible things? Her answer describes her literary sources, as well as a disturbing dream that was the kernel of inspiration for the story. â€Å"Frankenstein† is a tale about a man named Victor Frankenstein who creates life out of ‘raw materials’. As the story unfolds, the creature comes to life and ends up, out of revenge, killing several members of Frankenstein’s family. Although ...

Ethical Dilemma Worksheet Essay

Include any important | |potential economic, social, or political pressures, and exclude inconsequential facts. | | | |The most important fact about this case is that officers never saw the male suspect driving while intoxicated. The fact that two | |different police reports were made one stating the officer saw the male driving and the other stating officer did not see the male | |driving. | |Identify each claimant (key actor) who has an interest in the outcome of this ethical issue. From the perspective of the moral | |agent—the individual contemplating an ethical course of action—what obligation is owed to the claimant? Why? | |Claimant |Obligation (owed to the|Perspective (What does the claimant hope will happen? ) | |(key actor) |claimant) | | |Officer Rook |Designated officer to |Officer Rook wrote the original police report and followed policy and turned it in to | | |write original report |the D. A. ffice to let the process begin for the individual male arrested for driving | | | |while intoxicated. | | D. D. A. Acute |To ensure that laws are| | | |upheld and the process |D. D. A. notices the differences between both police reports and make notes of them. | | |serves all parties |The D. D. A. has the responsibility to uphold all laws and rights of individuals and | | |involved. |wants to ensure that the criminal justice system is just and fair. |Officer Nixon |Turning in second |Officer Nixon turned in the second the police report that made n ote that the officers | | |police report |saw the individual male driving. This officer wants a conviction of the individual | | | |male for driving while intoxicated. | |Wife |Wants to take husband |Wife wants to take husband home after being processed. Wife reported that her husband| | |home |had bad experiences while in Somalia and it would best for him to go home. | | | | | | | | Evaluating Alternatives |What are two alternatives for the scenario? One alternative can be a wild card that you ordinarily may not consider an option | |because of potential implications. Both should be within free will and control of the same moral agent. |Alternative A |Alternative B | |Use report without seeing intoxicated male driving |Use report with seeing intoxicated male driving | |Respond to the following questions based on your developed alternatives. | | |Alternative A |Alternative B | |What are the best- and worst-case | | |scenarios if you choose this |Best-Original report is used charges are |Best-male is convicted of driving while | |alternative? |dropped. |intoxicated | | | | | | |Worst- the male individual is drug through |Worse-Male is convicted of driving while | | |the criminal justice system and tax payer |intoxicated. The original police report is | | |money is wasted. |never shared | |Will anyone be harmed if this |No harm will come. |Yes harm may come when convicted and sentence to| |alternative is chosen? If so, how | |serve time incarcerated. | |will they be harmed? Consider | | | |families and derivative effects. | | |Would honoring an idea or value—such | | | |as personal, professional, or |No |Yes | |religious—make the alternative | | | |invalid? | | | | | | |Are there any rules, laws, or | | | |principles that support the |Yes the law of needing to see the driver of |no | |alternative? Are there rules, laws, |driving while intoxicated. | | |or principles that make the | | | |alternative invalid? State the rule | | |or principle and indicate if it | | | |invalidates or supports the | | | |alternative. | | | Applying Ethical Guidelines |Consider each ethical guideline and explain whether it would support or reject your alternative. |Guidelines based on the action itself |Alternative A |Alternative B | |Should this alternative become a rule or policy that everyone in this|There is law in place to avoid|No, this is wrong and | |situation should follow in similar situations in the future? (Kant) |making arrests like this. |unethical | |Does this alternative result in using any person as a means to an end|No |Yes the Officer Nixon wrote a | |without consideration for his or her basic integrity? Kant) | |bad report and is using the | | | |court system to enforce his | | | |false report | |Is the intent of this action free from vested interest or ulterior |Yes |No, convict ion is wanted | |motive? Kant’s good will) | | | | Does this alternative demonstrate a genuine concern for others |No |No | |affected by the decision, and is the moral agency responding to a | | | |perceived need? | | | |Guidelines based on consequences |Alternative A |Alternative B | |Is the good hat results from this alternative outweighed by the |Yes, the good being that the |No, falsifying reports is | |potential harm that might be done to others? (Mill’s harm principle) |charges are dropped. |unethical and can have | | | |rippling effects on all | | | |officers. |Is any harm brought about by anyone other than the moral agent? |No |Yes, the husband and the | |(causal harm) | |rookie officer who wrote the | | | |first report. | |Will anyone be harmed who can be said to be defenseless? No |No | |(paternalism) | | | |To what degree is this alternative based on the moral agent’s own |This is the truthful report |This should never be used, | |best interest? (ethical egoism) |and should be used regardless |based on it bei ng falsified. | |of the outcomes. | | |Which alternative will generate the greatest benefit—or the least |Because this alternative is | | |amount of harm—for the greatest number of people? Select only one |the truth it will only have | | |alternative. (utilitarianism) |the best possible outcome. | Ethical Decision Making |Choose to proceed with either Alternative A or Alternative B and explain the reasons for your decision. | | | |I would go with alternative A, because it is the truth and the original report turned in. I would allow the court system work | |their process and except the outcome reached. I would then address the facts of a falsified police report and the officer who tried| |to used it. |

How to Homeschool Art Instruction

How to Homeschool Art Instruction Are you one of those adults who claims to be unable to draw a stick figure? If so, you may be perplexed when thinking of how to homeschool art instruction. Many parents feel they can handle reading, writing, and arithmetic, but when it comes to more creative pursuits such as art or music instruction, they may find themselves at a loss. Adding creative expression to your homeschool doesn’t have to be difficult, even if you don’t feel particularly creative yourself. As a matter of fact, art (and music) can be one of the most exciting and relaxing homeschool subjects to learn alongside your student. Types of Art Instruction As with music instruction, it helps to define exactly what you plan to teach within the broad subject of art. Some areas to consider include: Visual arts. Visual arts are probably what  come to  mind first for most people when thinking of art. These are the art pieces created for visual perception and include artforms such as: PaintingDrawingSculptureCeramics Visual arts  also includes other artistic disciplines that we may not initially consider when thinking of art, such as jewelry-making, filmmaking, photography, and architecture. Art appreciation. Art appreciation is developing a knowledge and appreciation of the qualities that comprise great and  timeless works of art. It includes the study of the different eras and styles of art, along with the techniques of various artists. It will include study of various works of art and training the eye to see the nuances of each. Art history. Art history is the study of the development of art  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ or human expression  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  through history. It will  include a study of artistic expression  throughout various periods in history and how the artists of the period were influenced by the culture around them  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ and perhaps how the culture was influenced by the artists. Where to Find Art Instruction With so many different types of artistic expression, finding art instruction is usually just a matter of asking around. Community classes. It’s not difficult to find art lessons within the community. We’ve found city recreation centers and hobby shops often offer art or pottery classes. Churches and synagogues may also have resident artists who will offer art classes to their members or to the community. Check these sources for classes: Library, church, or community center bulletin boardsArt studios and art supply shopsHomeschool newsletter classifiedsFriends and relatives - word-of-mouth among  homeschooling families is second to noneChildren’s museums Art studios and museums. Check with local art studios and museums to see if they offer classes or workshops. This is especially likely during the summer months when art day camps may be available. Continuing education classes. Inquire at your local community college or check their website for continuing education classes  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ online or on campus  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ that may be available to the community. Homeschool co-ops. Homeschool co-ops are often an excellent source for art classes since many co-ops focus on electives, rather than core classes. Local artists are often willing to teach such classes if your co-op is willing to host them. Online lessons. There are many online sources available for art lessons  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ everything from drawing to cartooning, watercolor to mixed media art. There are countless art lessons of all varieties on YouTube. Book and DVD lessons. Check your local library, bookseller, or art supply store for book and DVD art lessons. Friends and relatives. Do you have artistic friends and relatives? We have some friends who own a pottery studio. We once took art lessons from the friend of a friend who was a watercolor artist. A friend or relative may be willing to teach art to your children or a small group of students. How to Include Art in Your Homeschool With a few simple adjustments, you can seamlessly weave art into the other activities in your homeschool day. Keep a nature journal. Nature journals provide a low-key way to encourage artistic expression in your homeschool. Nature study gives you and your family an opportunity to get outside for some sunshine and fresh air while providing plenty of creative inspiration in the form of trees, flowers, and wildlife. Include art in other courses, such as history, science, and geography. Include art and art history in your history and geography studies. Learn about the artists and type of art that were popular during the time period you’re studying. Learn about the style of art associated with the geographic region you’re studying since most regions have a particular style for which they are known. Draw illustrations of the scientific concepts you’re studying, such as an atom or an illustration of the human heart. If you’re studying biology, you might draw and label a flower or a member of the animal kingdom. Purchase curriculum. There is a wide variety of homeschool curriculum available to teach all aspects of art  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ visual art, art appreciation, and art history. Shop around, read reviews, ask your homeschool friends for recommendations, then, make art a regular part of your homeschool day (or week). You may wish to choose loop scheduling to include it or make some simple adjustments to make time for art in your homeschool day. Include creative time each day. Offer your children time to be creative each school day. You don’t have to do anything structured. Simply make art and craft supplies accessible and see where your creativity takes you. Get in on the fun by sitting down and creating with your children during this time. Studies have suggested that coloring helps adults combat stress, making adult coloring books wildly popular right now. So, spend some time coloring with your children. You could also paint, draw, sculpt with clay, or recycle old magazines into creative collages. Do art while doing other things. If your kids have trouble sitting quietly during read-aloud time, occupy their hands with art. Most types of artistic expression are relatively quiet activities, so your children can create as they listen. Combine your study of art with your study of music by listening to your favorite composers during your art time. Online Resources for Homeschool Art Instruction There are a wide variety of resources for art instruction available on line. Following are just a few to get you started. NGAkids Art Zone by the National Gallery of Art offers a variety of interactive tools and games to introduce kids to art and art history. Met Kids The Metropolitan Museum of Art offers interactive games and videos to help kids explore art. Tate Kids  offers kids games, videos, and fresh ideas for creating art. Google Art Project  provides the opportunity for users to explore artists, mediums, and much more. Art History Basics  by Kahn Academy  introduces students to art history with a variety of video lessons. Art for Kids Hub  offers free videos along with a variety of art lessons in different media, such as drawing, sculpting, and Origami. Mixed Media Art Workshops by Alisha Gratehouse features a variety of mixed media art workshops. Homeschooling art instruction doesn’t have to be complicated or intimidating. On the contrary, it should be fun for the whole family! With the right resources and a little planning, it’s easy to learn how to homeschool art instruction and include a bit of creative expression in your homeschool day.

Southern Horrors and Other Writings essays

Southern Horrors and Other Writings essays What is mob violence? Well, nowadays, mob violence differs in comparison to mob violence in the nineteenth century. In the years following the Civil War, there was a lot of mistreatment of African Americans. Ida B. Wells, a young African American journalist, investigated and accounted for the violence acted upon the African Americans during the Post-Reconstruction period. Wells wrote about her investigations because she belied it was the " first step to tell the world the facts" and to make lynching "a crime against American values"(27). In the book Southern Horrors and Other Writings, Royster discussed the mob violence of the lower South and the steps that Wells took to end this violence. During the nineteenth century, a lot of different acts of mob violence were done to the African Americans in the South. Wells focused on lynching of African Americans by the mob. The reasons given for lynching were "allegations of murder, burglary, arson, poisoning water and livestock, insulting whites, being insolent, and other perceived 'offenses,' and sometimes they were lynched on no charges at all"(29). These reasons were not very legitimate. The lynchings could have been handled in a different way as in a court and jury, not by a mob. The mob violence really attacked the African Americans to a point where they had no say in the doings. The people that were mistreated were men, women, and children. Ida B. Wells reported in A Red Record that "during a single year, 1892, 241 men, women, and children across 26 states were lynched. Of the 241, 160 people were identified as African Americans, which represented an increase of 200 percent over the ten-year period since 1882"( 10). This shows that at the time of Reconstruction, violence toward African Americans increased rapidly. Often, African Americans were lynched for odd reasons. Many African American men were lynched for alleged rape of white women even though they had been in a...

What aspects of an organisations internal environment are critical to Essay

What aspects of an organisations internal environment are critical to the success of an organisations strategy - Essay Example This essay will deal with certain vital facts related to internal environment and strategic management. The first few paragraphs are devoted in introducing the concept of organisational strategy and internal environment. In the latter part, an elaborate discussion is conducted on the various process by which internal environment of an organisation influences the organisational strategy. Some real life examples are also discussed to understand the manner in which few companies have modified their organisational strategy as per the internal environment to gain synergy and competitive edge in the market. Different authors have nurtured different views on the concept of strategy. In general it can be concluded that strategy assists in identifying objectives which will add competitive edge to the company over its market rivals (Sutton, 1980, p.1). Organisational strategy provides a vision or direction that organisation should strive to gain competitive position over its rivals. While developing any strategy, the management should keep in mind that the strategy should be aligned with the organisation’s market position, prevailing resources and capability possessed by it. Strategy provides the guideline for resource allocation and management policies (Walker, 2003, p.4). External environmental factors are those factors which are not under the direct control of the company. These include economic, political, social, technological, legal and environmental factors. Since these factors lie beyond the reach of the company, they constitute the threats and opportunities of the business (Norton, 2008, p.10). On the other hand, the internal factors which directly or indirectly affect an organisation are financial resources, physical resources, objective of business, managerial policies, work environment, corporate image of the organisation, its relation with labours, technical and R&D capability and promoters’ vision

Exercise 3, page 112 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Exercise 3, page 112 - Essay Example Some of the facilities that are present include an Olympic size swimming pool, a handball court, a basketball court, a squash court as well as a whirlpool. Others include saunas and steam baths, locker and shower facilities together with free packing. The exercise machines present include treadmills, bikes, steppers, the new cybex(Nautilus style) machine together with rowers and ellipticals. This is a very good offer for the employees and their families, as spouses of members or their domestic partners are eligible with a 20 percent discount of the clubs normal rates. The club offers very reduced rates for the hospital employees that are very reasonable and cannot be found in any other health club anywhere near the hospital. The rates are posted on our official website which is www.healthclubin.org so feel free to visit it. The working hours are weekdays 5pm to 10pm while on weekends it is 7am to 8pm. For more information please call us on

Effect of cold stress on photosynthesis in barley Essay

Effect of cold stress on photosynthesis in barley - Essay Example Consequently, it may be referred to as the process by which light energy is converted into chemical energy and stored in sugar bonds in green plants. Basic photosynthetic knowledge notes that green plants breath in carbon dioxide during the day and combines the said molecules to those of water molecules especially hydrogen in the synthesis of nutrients. Consequently, in green plants, photosynthesis involves the use of the chlorophyll green pigment that is found in the leaves or stems of such plants. As resultant by-product for the photosynthesis process is usually oxygen. In this context, plants are usually termed as essential purifiers of air. However, since photosynthesis is a process that takes place in the presence of sunlight, it does not occur during the night (Eaton-Rye, Baishnab & Thomas 66). As such, plants take in oxygen during the night and release carbon dioxide. As a topic, the study of photosynthesis is particularly of interest to farmers and scientists. Factors that ma y affect the rate of photosynthesis Basically, there are three main factors that are known to have an effect on the rate of photosynthesis. They include: i. Light intensity ii. Carbon dioxide iii. Temperature In this discussion, I will illustrate how each affects the rate of photosynthesis. i. ... From this graph, it is evident that there is a significant increase in rate of photosynthesis between point A and B. however, after point B, the rate begins to decline and later becomes constant up to point C. Within these two points (B and C), there is no effect on photosynthesis rate even with an increase in the intensity of light. Consequently, too much light intensity may damage the chloroplast of leaves: hence, the strategic arrangement of leaves in a plant without any overlaps (Kalman 25). ii. Carbon dioxide: The rate of photosynthesis linearly increases with an increase in the concentration amount of carbon dioxide available to a plant. Scientifically, the earth is composed of a varying carbon dioxide amount of between 0.03% and 0.04%. Therefore, a high concentration of it will lead to higher photosynthetic rates. However, this increase is up to a particular point, from which it begins to decline and ultimately becomes constant. This is as shown in the graph below. In this gra ph, points A to B indicate an increase in rate of photosynthesis, while points B to C indicate the decline and constant level of the same. iii. Temperature: With this factor, the higher the rate of temperature the greater will be the photosynthesis rate. Since photosynthesis is a chemical process, its rate will increase with higher temperatures as most of the other chemical process. However, the increase in temperatures beyond 400C, will lead to the rate of photosynthesis beginning to decline or slow down. The reason for this is that enzymes responsible for photosynthetic chemical process are sensitive to temperatures hence, destroyed at high/extreme temperatures levels. Consequently, it should be

Two Examples of Environmental Impact Assessments Essay Example for Free

Two Examples of Environmental Impact Assessments Essay The cities of Baku, Azerbaijan and Kingston, Ontario Canada are worlds apart, both geographically and culturally. They share at least one characteristic: the need for water. Like every other city on earth, they have built systems to accommodate their needs for water, electricity, and all the other necessities of modern life. Each city also has environmental problems that go hand in hand with urban habitation. The two Environmental Impact Assessments are examples of the challenges engineers and city planners face everyday to minimize the adverse effects on the ecosystem. Both cities, like all modern cities, are locked in a perpetual struggle to find a balance between the needs of the environment and the needs of the city. Wastewater Treatment In Baku, Azerbaijan Azerbaijan is a small country in central Asia on the Caspian Sea. Russia lies to the north. Georgia is to the northwest, Armenia is to the west, and Iran is on its southern border. The capitol of Azerbaijan is Baku and is also its largest city. Located on the Absheron peninsula, it is home to nearly 2 million people. The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on the planet and Baku is its largest port . Azerbaijan is rich in petroleum products and oil drilling has polluted Baku and the Caspian Sea. The Hovsan Wastewater Treatment Plant is another source of pollution to Baku and the Caspian Sea. The treatment plant handles almost half of the capitols wastewater. The wastewater is only partially treated and then dumped into the Caspian Sea via pipeline. The result has made most of the beaches around Baku unusable. The area surrounding the treatment plant inland is also unpleasant because of the odor. In the past, recreation along the sea shore was the most popular recreation for the public and tourists. Today, many are surprised to hear this fact because the bay is so polluted from sewage(Gischler, 2000, p. 41). There is a project proposed to alleviate the shoreline pollution. The plan is to extend the length of the pipeline farther out into the Caspian so the currents will disperse and diffuse the effluent material into the sea and away from the beaches. The current system is so inadequate because of years of neglect that it can only hope to just catch up to its current needs in a few years time. The construction of the longer pipeline will cause some negative effects, but they pale in comparison to the present state of the littoral around Baku. Table 1 outlines the environmental impact projected from the construction of the pipeline. The construction of the outfall is still in the planning stages, but it is expected to start in 2011. Water Treatment In Kingston, Ontario The expansion of the Point Pleasant Treatment Plant in Kingston, Ontario is the focus of this half of the paper. Kingston shares with Baku the distinction of being on the shore of one of the largest inland bodies of water, Lake Ontario. Kingston is located in the province of Ontario in Eastern Canada. To the west is Manitoba, east is Quebec, north is Hudson Bay, and Lake Ontario is to the south.. The Point Pleasant Treatment Plant is a direct filtration facility that supplies the 118,000 people of Kingston with drinking water. The water is drawn from Lake Ontario and goes through a series of filters and chemical treatments before being piped into the main water supply. The Point Pleasant project proposes to double the water pumped in and treated from 40 MLD (mega litres per day) to 80 MLD. The increase is needed for the projected increase in population and expected changes in regulatory standards for drinking water purity. The EIA for the plants upgrade identifies the surrounding vegetation and trees as being vulnerable to harm from construction activities during the plants renovation. The Butternut tree is specified in the report as a major concern because it is already an endangered species. Other issues are the pollution of the ground water and soil erosion. Table 2 outlines the environmental impact from the upgrade of the facility. Kingstons treatment plants upgrade is one that shows the existing system is sound because it is for projected future use and not just getting the current system up to par. The many years of investments and planning regarding the water infrastructure have paid off so they do not have to â€Å"catch up† just to make the system function nominally. A strong infrastructure can mean less damage to the environment. Conclusion Environmental impact from city living is inevitable, but it can be minimized. It requires a firm commitment to good planning and major investments in clean technologies. Comparing the upgrade of the water treatment plant in Kingston and the plant in Baku illustrate the differences in the conditions of each citys water systems. Laws protecting the environment vary from country to country and it is evident that Azerbaijan had few such laws. Canada has much more stringent environmental protection laws than Azerbaijan. Although Kingston has a much smaller population, the larger cities of Canada have done fairly well protecting the environment. Unfortunately, a countrys wealth dictates the priority that can be given to environmental protection. Lower standards for the construction and maintainence of urban infrastructure increases the chances of environmental degradation. References Azerbaijan. (2010). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved May 23, 2010, from Encyclopedia Britannica Online Library Edition: http://www. library. eb. com/eb/article-44298 Baku. (2010). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved May 23, 2010, from Encyclopedia Britannica Online Library Edition: http://www. library. eb. com/eb/article-9011883 Gischler, Maarten A (2000, summer) â€Å"Beautifying the Bay† Azerbaijan International, 8(2), 40-42 Kingston. (2010). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved May 23, 2010, from Encyclopedia Britannica Online Library Edition: http://www. library. eb. com/eb/article-9045553 Townsend, Mike. (2002, July). BETWEEN TWO SEAS: Progress on the BTC Pipeline Project. Azerbaijan International, 10(3), 90. http://ezproxy. spl. org:2048/loginurl=http://proquest. umi. com/pqdweb